Backup

How to backup and restore a MySQL database on Windows and Linux

April 21, 2019 by Simon

Why backup and restore

This is a quick guide demonstrating how you can backup and restore a MySQL database on Windows and Linux using Adminer.

You may need to know how to backup a restore a database for a number of reasons..

e.g

Send the database to someone to debug or give feedback while learning.
Move the database from a local machine to the cloud
Move the database from cloud vendor A to cloud vendor B
etc.

Having a backup of the VM is good but having a backup of the database too is better. I use UpCloud for hosting my VM’s and setting backups is easy. But I cannot download those backups.

Murphy’s Law

“If anything can go wrong, it will”

The most important reason for taking a backup and knowing how to restore it is for disaster recovery reasons.

Backup (the easiest way) with Adminer

Adminer is a free PHP based IDE for MySQL and other databases. Simply install Adminer and save the file on your local computer or remote web server directory.

FYI: The Adminer author Jakub Vrana has a patron page, I am a patron of this awesome software.

Snip from Adminers website. “Adminer (formerly phpMinAdmin) is a full-featured database management tool written in PHP. Conversely to phpMyAdmin, it consist of a single file ready to deploy to the target server. Adminer is available for MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, MS SQL, Oracle, Firebird, SimpleDB, Elasticsearch andMongoDB.”

TIP: The file would be publicly accessible to anyone so don’t save it to a common area, obfuscate the file, protect it of delete the file when you are done using it.

Once Adminer is installed load it in a web browser, login with your MySQL credentials. Once you login you will see all databases and an Import and Export menu.

Adminer main screen, all databases and import and export menu.

tbtest is a simple database with one table and 4 fields (ID, Key, Value and Modified)

.Click Export to open the export screen.

Export screen showing a list of databases and export options

Click Export, a SQL file will be generated (this is the export of the database).

Here is a save of the file:
https://fearby.com/wp-content/uploads/export.txt

Exported view of https://dev.mysql.com/doc/workbench/en/wb-admin-export-import-management.html

Its that simple.

If I add a binary blob file to the table and upload a PNG file lets see how the export looks.

Screenshot o the new table with a blog field in Adminer UI

Let export the database again in Adminer and check out the output. I used Sublime Text editor to view the export file.

New Export shows the binary file in the Backup SQL file

Restore (the easiest way) with Adminer

OK lets delete the tbtest database and then restore it with Adminer. I used Adminer to delete (DROP) the database.

Database “dbtest” deleted.

Now lets create a blank database to restore to (same name).

Database created.

Now lets import the database backup using Adminer.

Click Import, select the backup file and un-tick Stop on errors.

Import screenshot, dxtest selectded, Restore file selected, stop on errors disabled

TIP: The 2MB next the the choose file button is defined by your web server and PHP configuration. If you are trying to import a larger database (e.g 80MB) first increase the limits in your web server and PHP (via php.ini).

The Import (restore should take seconds)

The database was imported from a backup, all tables and records imported just fine.

Bonus methods.

On Ubuntu use this guide to backup from the command line. If you use the Oracle MySQL Workbench read this.

I hope this helps someone.

How to code PHP on your localhost and deploy to the cloud via SFTP with PHPStorm by Jet Brains

March 31, 2019 by Simon

This is a quick guide that will show you how you can connect to a cloud server via SFTP with the PHPStorm IDE from Jet Brians and deploy files from your localhost to the cloud. This is my opinion, I am not paid to promote PHPStorm or UpCloud.

Pre-Requisites/Assumptions

This guide will assume you already have (or know how to)..

Buy a domain name and point it’s DNS to a server (I use Namecheap.com for buying domains)
Buy and deploy a server in the cloud. I have used AWS, Digital Ocean, Vultr but now use UpCloud for deploying fast self-managed servers. Read this guide here to see how I create a server from scratch on Up Cloud.
Setup SSH access to your server and configure a firewall.
You have or know how to set up PHP and Web Servers and configure them on your localhost and remote server (guides here, here, here, here, here and here).
etc ( check out all my guides here https://fearby.com/all )

I am using Windows 10 Home (with IIS Web Server (document root redirected to S:\Code\) and a pre built Ubuntu Cloud servers.

Why no FTP? I do not create FTP servers on my serves to increase security and I only access servers via SSH via white-listed IP’s and then authenticate with hardware 2FA keys from YubiCo (read me 2FA guide here and also how to secure *nix servers and WordPress with 2FA).

Background

2 years ago I used to use the Cloud 9 IDE to connect to, and code files on cloud servers and life was good. I could configure and connect to servers, drag and drop files, run bash scripts from a web page and close the Cloud 9 browsers tabs, travel hundreds of kilometres and log back into C9 and all code and bash scripts would reappear.

Here is the Cloud 9 IDE showing code on the left and a Browser on the right.

C9.IDE showing code on the left and web page on the right

With Cloud 9 code could be easily accessed, edited and run.

See screenshot of code running from a Cloud 9 hosted server with properties windows on the right.

C9 IDE showing a bash terminal windows and code

Regrettably, I cancelled my $9/m subscription to Cloud 9 after a minor stroke and since then I have gone back to a terminal screen to code and transfer files. In the last 2 years.

Screenshot of the putty program connected to a Ubuntu box editing a file with nano

Uploading and downloading files on mass is painful via pure SSH.

AWS has since purchased Cloud 9 and I am not sure if it will ditch support of non-AWS servers in the future. AWS is good but servers are very expensive for what you get IMHO. I have found Disk IO on UpCloud is awesome (also UpCloud support is great (I am not paid to say that)).

PHPStorm IDE?

A quick Google of IDE’s like Cloud 9 mentioned PHPStorm from Jet Brains. I have used IntelliJ IDEA from Jet Brains before and PHPStorm seems to be very popular.

Go to
https://www.jetbrains.com/phpstorm/ and see the features of PHPStorm

Watch PHPStorm in action

Whats new in PHPStorm 2019.1

Install PHPStorm

Visit https://www.jetbrains.com/phpstorm/download/ and download and install PHPStorm (free trial 30 days)

System requirements

Microsoft 10/8/7/Vista/2003/XP (incl. 64-bit)
2 GB RAM minimum
4 GB RAM recommended
1024×768 minimum screen resolution

Pricing

PHPStorm is $8.90/m for individual use (or $19.90/m commercial). For the first 12 months of uninterrupted subscription payments qualify you for receiving a perpetual fallback license (20% discount for an uninterrupted subscription for a 2nd year, 40% discount for an uninterrupted subscription for 3rd year onwards).

PHPStorm work on Windows, OSX or Linux. This great an I use Windows locally and Linux remotely but I’m keen to use Linux locally to match local and remote dev environments.

Official PHPStorm Pricing Page:
https://www.jetbrains.com/phpstorm/buy/#edition=commercial

fyi: Jet Brains has free licencing for individual use for Students and faculty members.

Creating a Project

Open PHPStorm and select “Create New Project”.

Choose a project type on the left (e.g “PHP Empty Project“) and choose a location to save too (I chose “S:\code\php001) on my local machine. I chose “S:\code\php001” on my local machine.

New Project screenshot asking for a name and save location

Choose a folder to save to.

Choose a project and location to save to locally

Click “OK” to create the project.

PHPStorm will have created a project for you. You will notice a “.idea“folder under the location you saved with these files.

misc.xml
modules.xml
php001.xml
wordspace.xml

Do not delete these files.

Creating your first PHP file

You can right click on the project root and select New then PHP File

Right click on the root in the tree view then new PHP File

Or clicking the File then New menu choosing PHP File.

Name the file (e.g index.php)

The file has been created and its available in my localhost web server.

Screenshot showing PHPStorm with index.php, S:\Code showing index.php and http://localhpst/php001/index.php loading

Creating a Deploy Target

Now we need to specify a deploy target in PHPStorm to push the file changes to the cloud. Backup your server (yes backup your server just in case).

Open your PHPStorm project and click Tools, Deployment and then Configuration.

Click the plus icon near the top left and choose SFTP

Screenshot showing add new deployment server (SFTP)

Name the deployment target (e.g “server (project)”)

Screenshot of an input box showing a server name

Enter your “server name” or IP and port
Enter your “ssh username” (ensure the SSH user had write access to the wwwroot folder and the web server can read the files written by this user)
Under password I chose “Key pair OpenSSH or Putty (as I had SSH details already setup in Putty details
You can add your ppk private key from Putty (use the puttygen program to conbvert ssh public and private kets to ppk format)
If you have a passphrase on your SSH key add it now
Enter your web servers remote path (for the project)
Enter your web server URL

Screenshot showing a server name, port, username, password, ssh file passphrase, root path and web server url.

I did SSH to my remote server and created the destination folder. This will ensure I can deploy code here (PHPStorm does not create the remote path fpor you ).

mkdir /wwwroot/php001
chown -R www-data:www-data /wwwroot/php001/

1 2	mkdir /wwwroot/php001 chown -R www-data:www-data /wwwroot/php001/

Click Test Connection

No we need to click the Mappings tab and add a mapping.

Local path is your local path
Deployment path is / (the web root path is carried forward from the previous tab)
Web path is the web path that is entered in the browser

Screenshot showing a manual file mapping of local and remote file locations

Click Add New Mapping. Now we are ready to deploy

Deploying code to the cloud

I right clicked on the root note in PHPStorm and created an index.php file.

I edited the index.php on my local machine and then click the Tools then Deployment and choose “Upload to fearby.com (php001)” menu.

Manual upload available in Tools menu then Deployment menu

The File Transfer output window showed the transfer progress.

Screenshot showing the file transfer window output saying the file uploaded.

I loaded https://fearby.com/php001/index.php in Google chrome. It worked.

Screenshot showing https://fearby.com/php001/index.php loaded in a bowser

Don’t forget to turn off Automatic uploads under Tools, Deployment menu.

'Screenshot showing Automatic updated turned on

Now when I create new files or change existing files they will auto upload.

Sourc Control

I will add this soon.

Shell Command

You can also open an SSH console to the server and run commands

e.g zip files

zip -r backup.zip .

1	zip -r backup.zip .

I can also open a folder window in PHPStorm and show all remote files by clicking Tools then Deployment then Show Remote Files, Zip files can be easily downlaoded or other files uploaded. Nice.

Linux Client

I will review the Linux PHPStorm client soon.

Troubleshooting

Watch the Official guide on Deployment and Remote Hosts in PhpStorm – PhpStorm Video Tutorial

Good Luck. I hope this guide helps someone.

Version

1.2 Removed advertisements

1.1 Minor Updates

1.0 Initial Version

I am moving away from Apple hardware

February 3, 2019 by Simon

My Late 2012 Mac Book Pro Retina laptop is all but dead, it has many dead pixels and because of the poor cooling and is NOT a joy to use anymore. It does not “JUST WORK” and personally, I do not think “thinner” laptops can handle Australian summers as its hardware cooling it inadequate above 40c air temperatures.

My laptop processor would spend more time thermal throttling (at 104c) in Web Browsers and text editors that at normal speeds. Opening up productivity apps like Photoshop or Premiere Pro would send the laptop into meltdown.

Frequent high temps were common.

Attempted Fixes

Warning Disclaimer: My laptop is out of warranty and I know my way around the inside of a computer hardware without zapping it. Do not attempt to open your laptop unless you know what you are doing, have backed up your data and are prepared to brick your computer.

I removed dust from inside the laptop.
I tried to only use the laptop refrigerative air conditioning
I replaced the thermal paste on the CPU and GPU (3 times)
I reinstalled OSX Mojave and reset the SMC and PRAM multiple times.
I ran the fans at 100% (see post here), The fans were operating at full capacity and were not broken.

The stock thermal paste was crusty after 5 years. The plastic CPU/GPU cover was visibly cooked.

I ordered some new Thermal grizzly thermal paste, I had some older silicone paste on hand just in case.

After many reapplications of the Thermal Grizzly, the older silicone paste seemed to work the better???

After a few months, all of the fixes above did not seem to work. OSX Mojave would spin up the CPU and GPU into a frenzy overloading the single heat pipe within minutes.

Time to try some more drastic cooling modifications?

I tried improving the efficiency of the single (copper) heat pipe that is shared between an Intel i7 2.6 GHz and an Nvidia Video Card by removing the black paint by stripping the paint with acetone.

I manually removed paint from in between the heat sink fins with a LED to reveal the metal.

I reinstalled the heat pipe with high hopes? That looks nice 🙂

I removed the old thermal paste and added new paste. First I tried Thermal Grizzly Cryonaut. I re-applied the paste three separate times as each application was not that much better than the old crusty stock paste from Apple. Did I have a bad batch of Thermal Grizzly?, It seemed thick and not very viscous. I ended up using an old tube of silicone paste (the white stuff) as my Arctic Silver was too old to try and I did not want to order more.

With the silicone paste applied and the paint removed temperatures were about 15c lower at max, I still had frequent thermal throttling but at least I had a reserve buffer.

This was all before the Aussie Heatwaves and high temperatures soon returned.

Is there still room for improvement?

How heat pipes work

Heat pipes have an evaporating (hot part) and condensing zone (cool part) on the heat pipe. I noticed Apple’s “stock” condensing fins were small, would improving this zone help?. Time to improve the condensers zones by adding larger copper heat sinks to the bare side of the heat pipe.

I purchased a few copper Xeon/Sun server sized heat sinks and thermal epoxied them to the condensing end of the heat pipe. Yes, they would protrude out the bottom of the case but #Meh. I can fix that by extending the base of the laptop down and making it thicker (old school style).

The server heat sinks arrived

I cut the heat sinks in half.

I packed the fins with paper before cutting to ensure the cut did not damage the fins.

After cutting, I wiped the copper heat sinks with vinegar to restore the surface to a nice copper shine.

I tested the heat sink idea with silicone paste first

Temps were 25c lower, Now it’s time to use Arctic Silver Thermal Epoxy

I applied the Thermal Epoxy to the heat pipe (I temporary had foil strips above the fans so I did not block them while the epoxy dried.

I then stuck the heat sink’s to the heat pipe (with Arctic Silver Thermal Epoxy).

I toyed with a clear case but decided against it for static electricity and stability reasons.

I purchased a second Mac Book base for so I could cut holes for the heat sinks to protrude and use the original base to hide the modification.

I made a 30 mm base wall to so I could use it as a wall between the laptop base and the new 30mm lower base.

I added some 5-volt and 12 -volt fans inside the new extended 30mm base.

Finished Product

A normal looking Mac Book except for the 30mm lower base and internal 5V or 12V fans.

External power plugs on the left side, I will add lights at a later stage.

Are the temps lower?

Videos

Video: Mac Book Pro cooling mod, I can now watch 1080p videos without maxing the CPU

Video: Mac Book Pro cooling mod with external powered 5v or 12v fans

Conclusion

50c lower temps are nicer at idle but in Premiere Pro (exporting video) the laptop was still thermal throttling like mad and temps were terrible (100+). Lets not get started when I start some development VM’s

Conclusion 2 weeks later

This is still not a joy to use. I don’t think I have the right to expect a 5-year-old laptop to keep up running a CPU/GPU intensive OS and applications.

Time to buy a new computer, Apple still makes thin and over heating laptops by the looks of it?

Maybe I need to buy a fridge to stick a computer in a fridge to use these days?

YouTube users indicate Apple has a problem with heat.

What computer do I get next?

Not an Apple made one. I will be moving back to Windows for local development and Linux on servers

Dell Alienware has many heat pipes.

Acer Predator 500

I read a few reviews (e.g this one from Ultra book reviews) and Acer have good cooling.

MSI GT Series laptops look the best if cooling is important.

Or should I build a custom desktop with way more cores

CPU: Threadripper 2950X 16C 32T

SSD: M.2 SSD: Samsung 970 PRO 512GB
MOBO: Asus Zenith Extreme
Power: Corsair RM1000x 1000W
MEM: Quad 3600 Mhz
GPU: AMD Radeon VII Navi 3980

Thanks for reading.

v1.3 Added videos

v1.2 Updated alt tag descriptions

v1.1 Added “I will be moving back to Windows for local development and Linux on servers”

1.0 Initial Draft

No matter what server-provider you are using I strongly recommend you have a hot spare ready on a different provider

August 5, 2018 by Simon

No matter what server-provider you are using I strongly recommend you have a hot spare ready on a different provider

Aside

If you have not read my previous posts I have now moved my blog to the awesome UpCloud host (signup using this link to get $25 free UpCloud VM credit). I compared Digital Ocean, Vultr and UpCloud Disk IO here and UpCloud came out on top by a long way (read the blog post here). Here is my blog post on moving from Vultr to UpCloud.

Buy a domain name here

Now on with the post.

Murphy’s Law

I recently had an issue where I set up a website for a friend. I invested 6 hours into setting up..

I setup…

Debian OS
NGINX Web Server
MySQL Database
PHP 7.2
PHP-FPM Child Workers
HTTPS Certificate
Security (Firewall/Headers/SSH, WordPress, Plugins etc).
Installed WordPress and Plugins
Setup DNSSEC
Etc

I had tested GTMetrix scores = less than 1 second. Security headers were tested and I was happy with the site.

The server and backups were automatically deleted after 7 days while I was away from my keyboard because I assumed the account was valid and had credits.

Lesson Learned

Always have a backup (of the server, setup/ www, MySQL etc).
Script setups (Ansible, Puppet or Scripts) to sate time redeploying if need be.
Backups are not always available.
Do have setup documented (Check)
Do have a disaster plan

I have guides on setting up a server on UpCloud, AWS, Vultr, Digital Ocean but setting up can be rather repetitive so how can you prevent resetting up servers?

Why Plan for the Worst

Companies disappear.
Some hosts go down.
Some hosts have weird trial modes and internal process that could take your site down.
Human error?
Murphy’s Law

How I will prevent this in future

I am building a Java desktop app for Windows/OSX/Linux app that will deploy and set up on UpCloud/Vultr/Digital Ocean providers and allow for 1 click deploy and backup and restore.
I am going to re-establish replication between servers with RSync etc.
I am going to start to automate installs and environments.
I am going to set up a hot (ready to go) Green/Blue mirrored environments (www and DB server) on different providers in case of emergency. Then I can set the active live servers with DNS (blog posts soon).
Consider a server farm (same provider or different providers)

I hope this guide helps someone.

Please consider using my referral code and get $25 UpCloud VM credit if you need to create a server online.

https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793

Ask a question or recommend an article

Revision History

v1.0 Initial Post

Upgrading an Ubuntu server on UpCloud to add more CPU, Memory and Disk Space

June 25, 2018 by Simon

Upgrading an Ubuntu server on UpCloud to add more CPU, Memory and Disk Space

If you have not read my previous posts I have now moved my blog from Vultr to the awesome UpCloud host (signup using this link to get $25 free credit).

Recently I compared Digital Ocean, Vultr and UpCloud Disk IO here and UpCloud came out on top by a long way (read the blog post here). Here is my blog post on moving from Vultr to UpCloud.

Spoiler: UpCloud performance is great.

Why Upgrade

I have 1 CPU, 1 GB memory and 50GB storage and it is running well? I have PHP child workers set up and have set up the preferred use of memory over swap file usage.

Before UpCloud, when I had 512MB ram on Vultr I had multiple NGINX crashed a day so I used a bash script and scheduled a cron job to clear memory cache when memory fell below 100MB (view the script here). To further increase the speed of the WordPress I have configured the OS to use memory over the disk. About once a day free memory falls below 100MB (this is not a problem as my script clears cached items automatically).

I’d like to add more memory as I am working on some things (watch this space) and I will use the extra memory. I’d prefer the server is set up now for the expected workload.

How to Upgrade

This is how I upgraded from 1xCPU/2GB Memory/50GB Storage/2TB Transferred Data to a 2 CPU/4GB Mmeory/80GB Storage/4TB Transferred Data server.

UpCloud Pricing: https://www.upcloud.com/pricing/

Upgrade an UpCloud VM

I shut down my existing VM. Read this guide to setup a VM.

shutdown -P

1	shutdown -P

Login to the UpCloud dashboard, select your server (confirm the server has shut down) and click General Settings, choose the upgrade and click Update.

I confirmed the upgrade options (2x CPU, 4096 MB Memory).

Click Update

After 10 seconds you can start your server from the UpCloud server.

I confirmed the CPU upgrade was visible in the VM

cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor       : 0
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 63
model name      : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2687W v3 @ 3.10GHz
stepping        : 2
microcode       : 0x1
cpu MHz         : 3099.978
cache size      : 16384 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 0
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 13
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm invpcid_single pti fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt arat
bugs            : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass
bogomips        : 6199.95
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor       : 1
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 63
model name      : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2687W v3 @ 3.10GHz
stepping        : 2
microcode       : 0x1
cpu MHz         : 3099.978
cache size      : 16384 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 1
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 1
initial apicid  : 1
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 13
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm invpcid_single pti fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt arat
bugs            : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass
bogomips        : 6199.95
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

cat /proc/cpuinfo

processor : 0

vendor_id : GenuineIntel

cpu family : 6

model : 63

model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2687W v3 @ 3.10GHz

stepping : 2

microcode : 0x1

cpu MHz : 3099.978

cache size : 16384 KB

physical id : 0

siblings : 2

core id : 0

cpu cores : 2

apicid : 0

initial apicid : 0

fpu : yes

fpu_exception : yes

cpuid level : 13

wp : yes

flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm invpcid_single pti fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt arat

bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass

bogomips : 6199.95

clflush size : 64

cache_alignment : 64

address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual

power management:

processor : 1

vendor_id : GenuineIntel

cpu family : 6

model : 63

model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2687W v3 @ 3.10GHz

stepping : 2

microcode : 0x1

cpu MHz : 3099.978

cache size : 16384 KB

physical id : 0

siblings : 2

core id : 1

cpu cores : 2

apicid : 1

initial apicid : 1

fpu : yes

fpu_exception : yes

cpuid level : 13

wp : yes

bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass

bogomips : 6199.95

clflush size : 64

cache_alignment : 64

address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual

power management:

Software Tweaks Post Upgrade.

I added these settings to the top of /etc/nginx/nginx.conf to ensure the extra CPU was used.

worker_processes auto;
worker_cpu_affinity auto;

1 2	worker_processes auto; worker_cpu_affinity auto;

I increased PHP FPM ( /etc/php/7.2/fpm/php.ini ) to increase the memory usage and child workers. I doubled child workers and max memeory limit.

memory_limit = 3072M
pm.max_children = 80
pm.start_servers = 30
pm.min_spare_servers = 10
pm.max_spare_servers = 30

memory_limit = 3072M

pm.max_children = 80

pm.start_servers = 30

pm.min_spare_servers = 10

pm.max_spare_servers = 30

I restarted NGINX and PHP

nginx -t
nginx -s reload
/etc/init.d/nginx restart
service php7.2-fpm restart

nginx -t

nginx -s reload

/etc/init.d/nginx restart

service php7.2-fpm restart

I tweaked WordPress max memory limits

define( 'WP_MEMORY_LIMIT','3072M');
define( 'WP_MAX_MEMORY_LIMIT','3072M');

1 2	define( 'WP_MEMORY_LIMIT','3072M'); define( 'WP_MAX_MEMORY_LIMIT','3072M');

MySQL Tweaks: I logged into MySQL

mysql -u root -p

1	mysql -u root -p

I ran “SHOW GLOBAL STATUS” to view stats

mysql> SHOW GLOBAL STATUS;
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                                 | Value                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Aborted_clients                               | 0                                                |
| Aborted_connects                              | 0                                                |
| Binlog_cache_disk_use                         | 0                                                |
| Binlog_cache_use                              | 0                                                |
| Binlog_stmt_cache_disk_use                    | 0                                                |
| Binlog_stmt_cache_use                         | 0                                                |
| Bytes_received                                | 3179986                                          |
| Bytes_sent                                    | 223872114                                        |
| Com_admin_commands                            | 0                                                |
| Com_assign_to_keycache                        | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_db                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_db_upgrade                          | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_event                               | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_function                            | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_instance                            | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_procedure                           | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_server                              | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_table                               | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_tablespace                          | 0                                                |
| Com_alter_user                                | 0                                                |
| Com_analyze                                   | 0                                                |
| Com_begin                                     | 0                                                |
| Com_binlog                                    | 0                                                |
| Com_call_procedure                            | 0                                                |
| Com_change_db                                 | 284                                              |
| Com_change_master                             | 0                                                |
| Com_change_repl_filter                        | 0                                                |
| Com_check                                     | 0                                                |
| Com_checksum                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_commit                                    | 0                                                |
| Com_create_db                                 | 0                                                |
| Com_create_event                              | 0                                                |
| Com_create_function                           | 0                                                |
| Com_create_index                              | 0                                                |
| Com_create_procedure                          | 0                                                |
| Com_create_server                             | 0                                                |
| Com_create_table                              | 0                                                |
| Com_create_trigger                            | 0                                                |
| Com_create_udf                                | 0                                                |
| Com_create_user                               | 0                                                |
| Com_create_view                               | 0                                                |
| Com_dealloc_sql                               | 0                                                |
| Com_delete                                    | 18                                               |
| Com_delete_multi                              | 0                                                |
| Com_do                                        | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_db                                   | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_event                                | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_function                             | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_index                                | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_procedure                            | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_server                               | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_table                                | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_trigger                              | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_user                                 | 0                                                |
| Com_drop_view                                 | 0                                                |
| Com_empty_query                               | 0                                                |
| Com_execute_sql                               | 0                                                |
| Com_explain_other                             | 0                                                |
| Com_flush                                     | 0                                                |
| Com_get_diagnostics                           | 0                                                |
| Com_grant                                     | 0                                                |
| Com_ha_close                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_ha_open                                   | 0                                                |
| Com_ha_read                                   | 0                                                |
| Com_help                                      | 0                                                |
| Com_insert                                    | 342                                              |
| Com_insert_select                             | 0                                                |
| Com_install_plugin                            | 0                                                |
| Com_kill                                      | 0                                                |
| Com_load                                      | 0                                                |
| Com_lock_tables                               | 0                                                |
| Com_optimize                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_preload_keys                              | 0                                                |
| Com_prepare_sql                               | 0                                                |
| Com_purge                                     | 0                                                |
| Com_purge_before_date                         | 0                                                |
| Com_release_savepoint                         | 0                                                |
| Com_rename_table                              | 0                                                |
| Com_rename_user                               | 0                                                |
| Com_repair                                    | 0                                                |
| Com_replace                                   | 0                                                |
| Com_replace_select                            | 0                                                |
| Com_reset                                     | 0                                                |
| Com_resignal                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_revoke                                    | 0                                                |
| Com_revoke_all                                | 0                                                |
| Com_rollback                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_rollback_to_savepoint                     | 0                                                |
| Com_savepoint                                 | 0                                                |
| Com_select                                    | 16358                                            |
| Com_set_option                                | 849                                              |
| Com_signal                                    | 0                                                |
| Com_show_binlog_events                        | 0                                                |
| Com_show_binlogs                              | 0                                                |
| Com_show_charsets                             | 0                                                |
| Com_show_collations                           | 0                                                |
| Com_show_create_db                            | 0                                                |
| Com_show_create_event                         | 0                                                |
| Com_show_create_func                          | 0                                                |
| Com_show_create_proc                          | 0                                                |
| Com_show_create_table                         | 0                                                |
| Com_show_create_trigger                       | 0                                                |
| Com_show_databases                            | 3                                                |
| Com_show_engine_logs                          | 0                                                |
| Com_show_engine_mutex                         | 0                                                |
| Com_show_engine_status                        | 0                                                |
| Com_show_events                               | 0                                                |
| Com_show_errors                               | 0                                                |
| Com_show_fields                               | 921                                              |
| Com_show_function_code                        | 0                                                |
| Com_show_function_status                      | 0                                                |
| Com_show_grants                               | 0                                                |
| Com_show_keys                                 | 1                                                |
| Com_show_master_status                        | 0                                                |
| Com_show_open_tables                          | 0                                                |
| Com_show_plugins                              | 0                                                |
| Com_show_privileges                           | 0                                                |
| Com_show_procedure_code                       | 0                                                |
| Com_show_procedure_status                     | 0                                                |
| Com_show_processlist                          | 0                                                |
| Com_show_profile                              | 0                                                |
| Com_show_profiles                             | 0                                                |
| Com_show_relaylog_events                      | 0                                                |
| Com_show_slave_hosts                          | 0                                                |
| Com_show_slave_status                         | 0                                                |
| Com_show_status                               | 6                                                |
| Com_show_storage_engines                      | 0                                                |
| Com_show_table_status                         | 0                                                |
| Com_show_tables                               | 2                                                |
| Com_show_triggers                             | 0                                                |
| Com_show_variables                            | 6                                                |
| Com_show_warnings                             | 1                                                |
| Com_show_create_user                          | 0                                                |
| Com_shutdown                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_slave_start                               | 0                                                |
| Com_slave_stop                                | 0                                                |
| Com_group_replication_start                   | 0                                                |
| Com_group_replication_stop                    | 0                                                |
| Com_stmt_execute                              | 4                                                |
| Com_stmt_close                                | 4                                                |
| Com_stmt_fetch                                | 0                                                |
| Com_stmt_prepare                              | 4                                                |
| Com_stmt_reset                                | 0                                                |
| Com_stmt_send_long_data                       | 4                                                |
| Com_truncate                                  | 2                                                |
| Com_uninstall_plugin                          | 0                                                |
| Com_unlock_tables                             | 0                                                |
| Com_update                                    | 70                                               |
| Com_update_multi                              | 0                                                |
| Com_xa_commit                                 | 0                                                |
| Com_xa_end                                    | 0                                                |
| Com_xa_prepare                                | 0                                                |
| Com_xa_recover                                | 0                                                |
| Com_xa_rollback                               | 0                                                |
| Com_xa_start                                  | 0                                                |
| Com_stmt_reprepare                            | 0                                                |
| Connection_errors_accept                      | 0                                                |
| Connection_errors_internal                    | 0                                                |
| Connection_errors_max_connections             | 0                                                |
| Connection_errors_peer_address                | 0                                                |
| Connection_errors_select                      | 0                                                |
| Connection_errors_tcpwrap                     | 0                                                |
| Connections                                   | 292                                              |
| Created_tmp_disk_tables                       | 1124                                             |
| Created_tmp_files                             | 30                                               |
| Created_tmp_tables                            | 1369                                             |
| Delayed_errors                                | 0                                                |
| Delayed_insert_threads                        | 0                                                |
| Delayed_writes                                | 0                                                |
| Flush_commands                                | 1                                                |
| Handler_commit                                | 6094                                             |
| Handler_delete                                | 33                                               |
| Handler_discover                              | 0                                                |
| Handler_external_lock                         | 38571                                            |
| Handler_mrr_init                              | 0                                                |
| Handler_prepare                               | 0                                                |
| Handler_read_first                            | 2299                                             |
| Handler_read_key                              | 134761                                           |
| Handler_read_last                             | 237                                              |
| Handler_read_next                             | 310119                                           |
| Handler_read_prev                             | 2733                                             |
| Handler_read_rnd                              | 222350                                           |
| Handler_read_rnd_next                         | 472820                                           |
| Handler_rollback                              | 0                                                |
| Handler_savepoint                             | 0                                                |
| Handler_savepoint_rollback                    | 0                                                |
| Handler_update                                | 15605                                            |
| Handler_write                                 | 17310                                            |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_dump_status                | Dumping of buffer pool not started               |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_load_status                | Buffer pool(s) load completed at 180624 23:38:01 |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_resize_status              |                                                  |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_data                 | 1035                                             |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_data                 | 16957440                                         |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_dirty                | 0                                                |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_dirty                | 0                                                |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_flushed              | 1936                                             |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_free                 | 7144                                             |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_misc                 | 13                                               |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_total                | 8192                                             |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_rnd             | 0                                                |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead                 | 0                                                |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_evicted         | 0                                                |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests              | 306665                                           |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_reads                      | 950                                              |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_wait_free                  | 0                                                |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_write_requests             | 26509                                            |
| Innodb_data_fsyncs                            | 1229                                             |
| Innodb_data_pending_fsyncs                    | 0                                                |
| Innodb_data_pending_reads                     | 0                                                |
| Innodb_data_pending_writes                    | 0                                                |
| Innodb_data_read                              | 16273920                                         |
| Innodb_data_reads                             | 1078                                             |
| Innodb_data_writes                            | 2857                                             |
| Innodb_data_written                           | 53379584                                         |
| Innodb_dblwr_pages_written                    | 1275                                             |
| Innodb_dblwr_writes                           | 109                                              |
| Innodb_log_waits                              | 0                                                |
| Innodb_log_write_requests                     | 450                                              |
| Innodb_log_writes                             | 585                                              |
| Innodb_os_log_fsyncs                          | 793                                              |
| Innodb_os_log_pending_fsyncs                  | 0                                                |
| Innodb_os_log_pending_writes                  | 0                                                |
| Innodb_os_log_written                         | 664064                                           |
| Innodb_page_size                              | 16384                                            |
| Innodb_pages_created                          | 56                                               |
| Innodb_pages_read                             | 988                                              |
| Innodb_pages_written                          | 1936                                             |
| Innodb_row_lock_current_waits                 | 0                                                |
| Innodb_row_lock_time                          | 0                                                |
| Innodb_row_lock_time_avg                      | 0                                                |
| Innodb_row_lock_time_max                      | 0                                                |
| Innodb_row_lock_waits                         | 0                                                |
| Innodb_rows_deleted                           | 2                                                |
| Innodb_rows_inserted                          | 19219                                            |
| Innodb_rows_read                              | 249102                                           |
| Innodb_rows_updated                           | 77                                               |
| Innodb_num_open_files                         | 81                                               |
| Innodb_truncated_status_writes                | 0                                                |
| Innodb_available_undo_logs                    | 128                                              |
| Key_blocks_not_flushed                        | 0                                                |
| Key_blocks_unused                             | 12751                                            |
| Key_blocks_used                               | 645                                              |
| Key_read_requests                             | 321877                                           |
| Key_reads                                     | 648                                              |
| Key_write_requests                            | 196                                              |
| Key_writes                                    | 150                                              |
| Locked_connects                               | 0                                                |
| Max_execution_time_exceeded                   | 0                                                |
| Max_execution_time_set                        | 0                                                |
| Max_execution_time_set_failed                 | 0                                                |
| Max_used_connections                          | 3                                                |
| Max_used_connections_time                     | 2018-06-24 23:43:48                              |
| Not_flushed_delayed_rows                      | 0                                                |
| Ongoing_anonymous_transaction_count           | 0                                                |
| Open_files                                    | 229                                              |
| Open_streams                                  | 0                                                |
| Open_table_definitions                        | 206                                              |
| Open_tables                                   | 786                                              |
| Opened_files                                  | 502                                              |
| Opened_table_definitions                      | 208                                              |
| Opened_tables                                 | 817                                              |
| Performance_schema_accounts_lost              | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_cond_classes_lost          | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_cond_instances_lost        | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_digest_lost                | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_file_classes_lost          | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_file_handles_lost          | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_file_instances_lost        | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_hosts_lost                 | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_index_stat_lost            | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_locker_lost                | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_memory_classes_lost        | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_metadata_lock_lost         | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_mutex_classes_lost         | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_mutex_instances_lost       | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_nested_statement_lost      | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_prepared_statements_lost   | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_program_lost               | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_rwlock_classes_lost        | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_rwlock_instances_lost      | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_session_connect_attrs_lost | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_socket_classes_lost        | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_socket_instances_lost      | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_stage_classes_lost         | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_statement_classes_lost     | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_table_handles_lost         | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_table_instances_lost       | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_table_lock_stat_lost       | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_thread_classes_lost        | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_thread_instances_lost      | 0                                                |
| Performance_schema_users_lost                 | 0                                                |
| Prepared_stmt_count                           | 0                                                |
| Qcache_free_blocks                            | 1                                                |
| Qcache_free_memory                            | 16760152                                         |
| Qcache_hits                                   | 0                                                |
| Qcache_inserts                                | 0                                                |
| Qcache_lowmem_prunes                          | 0                                                |
| Qcache_not_cached                             | 16355                                            |
| Qcache_queries_in_cache                       | 0                                                |
| Qcache_total_blocks                           | 1                                                |
| Queries                                       | 19164                                            |
| Questions                                     | 19155                                            |
| Select_full_join                              | 0                                                |
| Select_full_range_join                        | 0                                                |
| Select_range                                  | 2677                                             |
| Select_range_check                            | 0                                                |
| Select_scan                                   | 2098                                             |
| Slave_open_temp_tables                        | 0                                                |
| Slow_launch_threads                           | 0                                                |
| Slow_queries                                  | 0                                                |
| Sort_merge_passes                             | 12                                               |
| Sort_range                                    | 4859                                             |
| Sort_rows                                     | 244452                                           |
| Sort_scan                                     | 854                                              |
| Ssl_accept_renegotiates                       | 0                                                |
| Ssl_accepts                                   | 0                                                |
| Ssl_callback_cache_hits                       | 0                                                |
| Ssl_cipher                                    |                                                  |
| Ssl_cipher_list                               |                                                  |
| Ssl_client_connects                           | 0                                                |
| Ssl_connect_renegotiates                      | 0                                                |
| Ssl_ctx_verify_depth                          | 0                                                |
| Ssl_ctx_verify_mode                           | 0                                                |
| Ssl_default_timeout                           | 0                                                |
| Ssl_finished_accepts                          | 0                                                |
| Ssl_finished_connects                         | 0                                                |
| Ssl_server_not_after                          |                                                  |
| Ssl_server_not_before                         |                                                  |
| Ssl_session_cache_hits                        | 0                                                |
| Ssl_session_cache_misses                      | 0                                                |
| Ssl_session_cache_mode                        | NONE                                             |
| Ssl_session_cache_overflows                   | 0                                                |
| Ssl_session_cache_size                        | 0                                                |
| Ssl_session_cache_timeouts                    | 0                                                |
| Ssl_sessions_reused                           | 0                                                |
| Ssl_used_session_cache_entries                | 0                                                |
| Ssl_verify_depth                              | 0                                                |
| Ssl_verify_mode                               | 0                                                |
| Ssl_version                                   |                                                  |
| Table_locks_immediate                         | 11962                                            |
| Table_locks_waited                            | 0                                                |
| Table_open_cache_hits                         | 19395                                            |
| Table_open_cache_misses                       | 817                                              |
| Table_open_cache_overflows                    | 12                                               |
| Tc_log_max_pages_used                         | 0                                                |
| Tc_log_page_size                              | 0                                                |
| Tc_log_page_waits                             | 0                                                |
| Threads_cached                                | 2                                                |
| Threads_connected                             | 1                                                |
| Threads_created                               | 3                                                |
| Threads_running                               | 1                                                |
| Uptime                                        | 2944                                             |
| Uptime_since_flush_status                     | 2944                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
353 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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mysql> SHOW GLOBAL STATUS;

+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

| Variable_name | Value |

+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

| Aborted_clients | 0 |

| Aborted_connects | 0 |

| Binlog_cache_disk_use | 0 |

| Binlog_cache_use | 0 |

| Binlog_stmt_cache_disk_use | 0 |

| Binlog_stmt_cache_use | 0 |

| Bytes_received | 3179986 |

| Bytes_sent | 223872114 |

| Com_admin_commands | 0 |

| Com_assign_to_keycache | 0 |

| Com_alter_db | 0 |

| Com_alter_db_upgrade | 0 |

| Com_alter_event | 0 |

| Com_alter_function | 0 |

| Com_alter_instance | 0 |

| Com_alter_procedure | 0 |

| Com_alter_server | 0 |

| Com_alter_table | 0 |

| Com_alter_tablespace | 0 |

| Com_alter_user | 0 |

| Com_analyze | 0 |

| Com_begin | 0 |

| Com_binlog | 0 |

| Com_call_procedure | 0 |

| Com_change_db | 284 |

| Com_change_master | 0 |

| Com_change_repl_filter | 0 |

| Com_check | 0 |

| Com_checksum | 0 |

| Com_commit | 0 |

| Com_create_db | 0 |

| Com_create_event | 0 |

| Com_create_function | 0 |

| Com_create_index | 0 |

| Com_create_procedure | 0 |

| Com_create_server | 0 |

| Com_create_table | 0 |

| Com_create_trigger | 0 |

| Com_create_udf | 0 |

| Com_create_user | 0 |

| Com_create_view | 0 |

| Com_dealloc_sql | 0 |

| Com_delete | 18 |

| Com_delete_multi | 0 |

| Com_do | 0 |

| Com_drop_db | 0 |

| Com_drop_event | 0 |

| Com_drop_function | 0 |

| Com_drop_index | 0 |

| Com_drop_procedure | 0 |

| Com_drop_server | 0 |

| Com_drop_table | 0 |

| Com_drop_trigger | 0 |

| Com_drop_user | 0 |

| Com_drop_view | 0 |

| Com_empty_query | 0 |

| Com_execute_sql | 0 |

| Com_explain_other | 0 |

| Com_flush | 0 |

| Com_get_diagnostics | 0 |

| Com_grant | 0 |

| Com_ha_close | 0 |

| Com_ha_open | 0 |

| Com_ha_read | 0 |

| Com_help | 0 |

| Com_insert | 342 |

| Com_insert_select | 0 |

| Com_install_plugin | 0 |

| Com_kill | 0 |

| Com_load | 0 |

| Com_lock_tables | 0 |

| Com_optimize | 0 |

| Com_preload_keys | 0 |

| Com_prepare_sql | 0 |

| Com_purge | 0 |

| Com_purge_before_date | 0 |

| Com_release_savepoint | 0 |

| Com_rename_table | 0 |

| Com_rename_user | 0 |

| Com_repair | 0 |

| Com_replace | 0 |

| Com_replace_select | 0 |

| Com_reset | 0 |

| Com_resignal | 0 |

| Com_revoke | 0 |

| Com_revoke_all | 0 |

| Com_rollback | 0 |

| Com_rollback_to_savepoint | 0 |

| Com_savepoint | 0 |

| Com_select | 16358 |

| Com_set_option | 849 |

| Com_signal | 0 |

| Com_show_binlog_events | 0 |

| Com_show_binlogs | 0 |

| Com_show_charsets | 0 |

| Com_show_collations | 0 |

| Com_show_create_db | 0 |

| Com_show_create_event | 0 |

| Com_show_create_func | 0 |

| Com_show_create_proc | 0 |

| Com_show_create_table | 0 |

| Com_show_create_trigger | 0 |

| Com_show_databases | 3 |

| Com_show_engine_logs | 0 |

| Com_show_engine_mutex | 0 |

| Com_show_engine_status | 0 |

| Com_show_events | 0 |

| Com_show_errors | 0 |

| Com_show_fields | 921 |

| Com_show_function_code | 0 |

| Com_show_function_status | 0 |

| Com_show_grants | 0 |

| Com_show_keys | 1 |

| Com_show_master_status | 0 |

| Com_show_open_tables | 0 |

| Com_show_plugins | 0 |

| Com_show_privileges | 0 |

| Com_show_procedure_code | 0 |

| Com_show_procedure_status | 0 |

| Com_show_processlist | 0 |

| Com_show_profile | 0 |

| Com_show_profiles | 0 |

| Com_show_relaylog_events | 0 |

| Com_show_slave_hosts | 0 |

| Com_show_slave_status | 0 |

| Com_show_status | 6 |

| Com_show_storage_engines | 0 |

| Com_show_table_status | 0 |

| Com_show_tables | 2 |

| Com_show_triggers | 0 |

| Com_show_variables | 6 |

| Com_show_warnings | 1 |

| Com_show_create_user | 0 |

| Com_shutdown | 0 |

| Com_slave_start | 0 |

| Com_slave_stop | 0 |

| Com_group_replication_start | 0 |

| Com_group_replication_stop | 0 |

| Com_stmt_execute | 4 |

| Com_stmt_close | 4 |

| Com_stmt_fetch | 0 |

| Com_stmt_prepare | 4 |

| Com_stmt_reset | 0 |

| Com_stmt_send_long_data | 4 |

| Com_truncate | 2 |

| Com_uninstall_plugin | 0 |

| Com_unlock_tables | 0 |

| Com_update | 70 |

| Com_update_multi | 0 |

| Com_xa_commit | 0 |

| Com_xa_end | 0 |

| Com_xa_prepare | 0 |

| Com_xa_recover | 0 |

| Com_xa_rollback | 0 |

| Com_xa_start | 0 |

| Com_stmt_reprepare | 0 |

| Connection_errors_accept | 0 |

| Connection_errors_internal | 0 |

| Connection_errors_max_connections | 0 |

| Connection_errors_peer_address | 0 |

| Connection_errors_select | 0 |

| Connection_errors_tcpwrap | 0 |

| Connections | 292 |

| Created_tmp_disk_tables | 1124 |

| Created_tmp_files | 30 |

| Created_tmp_tables | 1369 |

| Delayed_errors | 0 |

| Delayed_insert_threads | 0 |

| Delayed_writes | 0 |

| Flush_commands | 1 |

| Handler_commit | 6094 |

| Handler_delete | 33 |

| Handler_discover | 0 |

| Handler_external_lock | 38571 |

| Handler_mrr_init | 0 |

| Handler_prepare | 0 |

| Handler_read_first | 2299 |

| Handler_read_key | 134761 |

| Handler_read_last | 237 |

| Handler_read_next | 310119 |

| Handler_read_prev | 2733 |

| Handler_read_rnd | 222350 |

| Handler_read_rnd_next | 472820 |

| Handler_rollback | 0 |

| Handler_savepoint | 0 |

| Handler_savepoint_rollback | 0 |

| Handler_update | 15605 |

| Handler_write | 17310 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_dump_status | Dumping of buffer pool not started |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_load_status | Buffer pool(s) load completed at 180624 23:38:01 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_resize_status | |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_data | 1035 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_data | 16957440 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_dirty | 0 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_bytes_dirty | 0 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_flushed | 1936 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_free | 7144 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_misc | 13 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_total | 8192 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_rnd | 0 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead | 0 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_ahead_evicted | 0 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests | 306665 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_reads | 950 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_wait_free | 0 |

| Innodb_buffer_pool_write_requests | 26509 |

| Innodb_data_fsyncs | 1229 |

| Innodb_data_pending_fsyncs | 0 |

| Innodb_data_pending_reads | 0 |

| Innodb_data_pending_writes | 0 |

| Innodb_data_read | 16273920 |

| Innodb_data_reads | 1078 |

| Innodb_data_writes | 2857 |

| Innodb_data_written | 53379584 |

| Innodb_dblwr_pages_written | 1275 |

| Innodb_dblwr_writes | 109 |

| Innodb_log_waits | 0 |

| Innodb_log_write_requests | 450 |

| Innodb_log_writes | 585 |

| Innodb_os_log_fsyncs | 793 |

| Innodb_os_log_pending_fsyncs | 0 |

| Innodb_os_log_pending_writes | 0 |

| Innodb_os_log_written | 664064 |

| Innodb_page_size | 16384 |

| Innodb_pages_created | 56 |

| Innodb_pages_read | 988 |

| Innodb_pages_written | 1936 |

| Innodb_row_lock_current_waits | 0 |

| Innodb_row_lock_time | 0 |

| Innodb_row_lock_time_avg | 0 |

| Innodb_row_lock_time_max | 0 |

| Innodb_row_lock_waits | 0 |

| Innodb_rows_deleted | 2 |

| Innodb_rows_inserted | 19219 |

| Innodb_rows_read | 249102 |

| Innodb_rows_updated | 77 |

| Innodb_num_open_files | 81 |

| Innodb_truncated_status_writes | 0 |

| Innodb_available_undo_logs | 128 |

| Key_blocks_not_flushed | 0 |

| Key_blocks_unused | 12751 |

| Key_blocks_used | 645 |

| Key_read_requests | 321877 |

| Key_reads | 648 |

| Key_write_requests | 196 |

| Key_writes | 150 |

| Locked_connects | 0 |

| Max_execution_time_exceeded | 0 |

| Max_execution_time_set | 0 |

| Max_execution_time_set_failed | 0 |

| Max_used_connections | 3 |

| Max_used_connections_time | 2018-06-24 23:43:48 |

| Not_flushed_delayed_rows | 0 |

| Ongoing_anonymous_transaction_count | 0 |

| Open_files | 229 |

| Open_streams | 0 |

| Open_table_definitions | 206 |

| Open_tables | 786 |

| Opened_files | 502 |

| Opened_table_definitions | 208 |

| Opened_tables | 817 |

| Performance_schema_accounts_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_cond_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_cond_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_digest_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_file_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_file_handles_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_file_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_hosts_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_index_stat_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_locker_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_memory_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_metadata_lock_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_mutex_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_mutex_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_nested_statement_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_prepared_statements_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_program_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_rwlock_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_rwlock_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_session_connect_attrs_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_socket_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_socket_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_stage_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_statement_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_table_handles_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_table_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_table_lock_stat_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_thread_classes_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_thread_instances_lost | 0 |

| Performance_schema_users_lost | 0 |

| Prepared_stmt_count | 0 |

| Qcache_free_blocks | 1 |

| Qcache_free_memory | 16760152 |

| Qcache_hits | 0 |

| Qcache_inserts | 0 |

| Qcache_lowmem_prunes | 0 |

| Qcache_not_cached | 16355 |

| Qcache_queries_in_cache | 0 |

| Qcache_total_blocks | 1 |

| Queries | 19164 |

| Questions | 19155 |

| Select_full_join | 0 |

| Select_full_range_join | 0 |

| Select_range | 2677 |

| Select_range_check | 0 |

| Select_scan | 2098 |

| Slave_open_temp_tables | 0 |

| Slow_launch_threads | 0 |

| Slow_queries | 0 |

| Sort_merge_passes | 12 |

| Sort_range | 4859 |

| Sort_rows | 244452 |

| Sort_scan | 854 |

| Ssl_accept_renegotiates | 0 |

| Ssl_accepts | 0 |

| Ssl_callback_cache_hits | 0 |

| Ssl_cipher | |

| Ssl_cipher_list | |

| Ssl_client_connects | 0 |

| Ssl_connect_renegotiates | 0 |

| Ssl_ctx_verify_depth | 0 |

| Ssl_ctx_verify_mode | 0 |

| Ssl_default_timeout | 0 |

| Ssl_finished_accepts | 0 |

| Ssl_finished_connects | 0 |

| Ssl_server_not_after | |

| Ssl_server_not_before | |

| Ssl_session_cache_hits | 0 |

| Ssl_session_cache_misses | 0 |

| Ssl_session_cache_mode | NONE |

| Ssl_session_cache_overflows | 0 |

| Ssl_session_cache_size | 0 |

| Ssl_session_cache_timeouts | 0 |

| Ssl_sessions_reused | 0 |

| Ssl_used_session_cache_entries | 0 |

| Ssl_verify_depth | 0 |

| Ssl_verify_mode | 0 |

| Ssl_version | |

| Table_locks_immediate | 11962 |

| Table_locks_waited | 0 |

| Table_open_cache_hits | 19395 |

| Table_open_cache_misses | 817 |

| Table_open_cache_overflows | 12 |

| Tc_log_max_pages_used | 0 |

| Tc_log_page_size | 0 |

| Tc_log_page_waits | 0 |

| Threads_cached | 2 |

| Threads_connected | 1 |

| Threads_created | 3 |

| Threads_running | 1 |

| Uptime | 2944 |

| Uptime_since_flush_status | 2944 |

+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

353 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Read more on SHOW GLOBAL STATUS here. Read more on the values here.

I can see NO major errors here (possibly due to UpClouds awesome disk IO) so I won’t be making memory tweaks in MySQL. Sign Up using this link and get $25 credit free on UpCloud and see for yourself how fast they are.

Configure Ubuntu System Memory Usage

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf

Add the following to allow things to sit in ram longer

vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50

1	vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50

Snip from: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt

This percentage value controls the tendency of the kernel to reclaim the memory which is used for caching of directory and inode objects.

At the default value of vfs_cache_pressure=100 the kernel will attempt to reclaim dentries and inodes at a "fair" rate with respect to pagecache and swapcache reclaim.  Decreasing vfs_cache_pressure causes the kernel to prefer to retain dentry and inode caches. When vfs_cache_pressure=0, the kernel will never reclaim dentries and inodes due to memory pressure and this can easily lead to out-of-memory conditions. Increasing vfs_cache_pressure beyond 100 causes the kernel to prefer to reclaim dentries and inodes.

Increasing vfs_cache_pressure significantly beyond 100 may have negative performance impact. Reclaim code needs to take various locks to find freeable directory and inode objects. With vfs_cache_pressure=1000, it will look for ten times more freeable objects than there are."

This percentage value controls the tendency of the kernel to reclaim the memory which is used for caching of directory and inode objects.

At the default value of vfs_cache_pressure=100 the kernel will attempt to reclaim dentries and inodes at a "fair" rate with respect to pagecache and swapcache reclaim. Decreasing vfs_cache_pressure causes the kernel to prefer to retain dentry and inode caches. When vfs_cache_pressure=0, the kernel will never reclaim dentries and inodes due to memory pressure and this can easily lead to out-of-memory conditions. Increasing vfs_cache_pressure beyond 100 causes the kernel to prefer to reclaim dentries and inodes.

Increasing vfs_cache_pressure significantly beyond 100 may have negative performance impact. Reclaim code needs to take various locks to find freeable directory and inode objects. With vfs_cache_pressure=1000, it will look for ten times more freeable objects than there are."

Read these pages here and here regarding setting MySQL memory.

Reboot

shutdown -r now

1	shutdown -r now

Resize the disk

The 2x CPU, 4GB memory plan comes with 80GB storage allowance. My disk at present is 50GB and I will update the size soon following this guide soon.

Quick Benchmark

I used loader.io to load 500 users to access my site in 1 minute.

The benchmark worked with no errors.

This benchmark was performed with no Cloudflare caching. I should get Cloudflare caching working again to lower the average response time. I loaded my website manually in Google Chrome while loader.io threw 500 users at my site and it loaded very fast.

Conclusion

After a few days, I checked my memory logs and there were no low memory triggers (just normal internal memory management triggers). Ubuntu was happier.

This graph was taken before I set “vm.vfs_cache_pressure” so I will update this graph in a few days.

I hope this guide helps someone.

Please consider using my referral code and get $25 credit for free.

https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793

Ask a question or recommend an article

Revision History

1.0 Initial Post

How to use the UpCloud API to manage your UpCloud servers

June 17, 2018 by Simon

How to use the UpCloud API to manage your UpCloud servers.

If you have not read my previous posts I have now moved my blog etc to the awesome UpCloud host. Sign up using this link to get $25 free credit.

I recently compared Digital Ocean, Vultr and UpCloud Disk IO here and UpCloud came out on top by a long way (read the blog post here).

Here is my blog post on moving from Vultr to UpCloud.

Spoiler: UpCloud performance is great.

I have never had an UpCloud page load take longer than 2 seconds since moving.

UpCloud API

UpCloud has an API that we can opt into to using where we can manage servers. Read the official UpCloud API documentation here.

The API allows you to control:

Accounts
Pricing
Zones
Timezones
Plans
Servers
Storages
IP-Addresses
Firewall
Tags
etc

Create a sub-account to query the API

You should create a new user account (in the UpCloud dasbboard) just for API access. I created two accounts for use on my server and on my home laptop and my server (and set a limiting IP(s) that can access it).

Create a Sub Account for API Access

Click My Accounts,
Click User Accounts,
Click Change on your user and enable API connections.
TIP: Set up an IP rule to limit access to your API for security (I set up a VPN to get a static IP on my dynamic IP Internet host at home)).
Save the changes

TIP: Lock down the account to have the minimum permissions required.

e.g

Disable access to the control panel (Untick).
Allow API Connections (Tick) and specify an IP
Disable access to billing contact (Untick).
Disable access to billing section in the control panel (Untick).
Disable allowing of emails to billing contact (Untick).
Allow or Remove access to all server (or manually add access to desired servers)
Allow or Remove access to modify storage (or manually allow or remove access to desired storage)
etc

Save the account.

Now let’s make our first API call

I use OSX and I use the awesome Paw API testing tool from https://paw.cloud (This is not a plug, they are awesome). Postman is a popular API testing tool too. Any good programing language or CLI will allow you to send API requests.

First, let’s prepare the authorization string (this is a Base64 encoded combination of your username and password) read more here.

Head over to https://www.base64encode.org/
Click the Encode tab
Add your “username:password” (without the quotes).
Click Encode

A Base64 string will be outputted 🙂

e.g > eW91cmFwaXVzZXJuYW1lOnlvdXJzdXBlcnNlY3VyZXBhc3N3b3Jk

fyi

You can encode also Encode and Decode Base64 from the Ubuntu Command line

Encode Base64 from the CLI Sample

echo -n 'yourapiusername:yoursupersecurepassword' | base64
eW91cmFwaXVzZXJuYW1lOnlvdXJzdXBlcnNlY3VyZXBhc3N3b3Jk

1 2	echo -n 'yourapiusername:yoursupersecurepassword' \| base64 eW91cmFwaXVzZXJuYW1lOnlvdXJzdXBlcnNlY3VyZXBhc3N3b3Jk

Decode Base64 from the CLI Sample

echo `echo eW91cmFwaXVzZXJuYW1lOnlvdXJzdXBlcnNlY3VyZXBhc3N3b3Jk | base64 --decode`
yourapiusername:yoursupersecurepassword

1 2	echo `echo eW91cmFwaXVzZXJuYW1lOnlvdXJzdXBlcnNlY3VyZXBhc3N3b3Jk \| base64 --decode` yourapiusername:yoursupersecurepassword

Now we can add an “Authorization Basic” token to the API request in Paw.

A quick test of the UpCloud Prices API endpoint https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/price reveals the API is working.

I can now see a full breakdown of my service prices in JSON 🙂

Query My Account

OK, Let’s see how much credit I have left by querying the https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/account, I duplicated the item in Paw and changed the URL to https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/account but no data returned?

I had to enable “Access to Billing section in Control Panel” for the user before this data returned from the API (make sense).

> HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Query (GET)

GET /1.2/account HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Authorization: Basic *******************************************

GET /1.2/account HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Authorization: Basic *******************************************

Output

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:23:32 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 91
Server: Apache

{
   "account" : {
      "credits" : 2500.00,
      "username" : "yourapiusername"
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:23:32 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 91

Server: Apache

{

"account" : {

"credits" : 2500.00,

"username" : "yourapiusername"

}

“2500.00” = cents ($25)

Query All of Your Servers

Ok, Let’s get server information by querying https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/server

Query (GET)

GET /1.2/server HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

GET /1.2/server HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

Output

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:32:22 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 1154
Server: Apache

{
   "servers" : {
      "server" : [
         {
            "core_number" : "1",
            "hostname" : "server1nameredacted.com",
            "license" : 0,
            "memory_amount" : "2048",
            "plan" : "1xCPU-2GB",
            "plan_ipv4_bytes" : "3472464313",
            "plan_ipv6_bytes" : "166293599",
            "state" : "started",
            "tags" : {
               "tag" : [
                  "tag1"
               ]
            },
            "title" : "server1nameredacted.com",
            "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
            "zone" : "us-chi1"
         },
         {
            "core_number" : "1",
            "hostname" : "server2nameredacted.com",
            "license" : 0,
            "memory_amount" : "1024",
            "plan" : "1xCPU-1GB",
            "plan_ipv4_bytes" : "198911",
            "plan_ipv6_bytes" : "19742",
            "state" : "started",
            "tags" : {
               "tag" : [
                  "tag2"
               ]
            },
            "title" : "server1nameredacted.com",
            "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
            "zone" : "us-chi1"
         }
      ]
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:32:22 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 1154

Server: Apache

{

"servers" : {

"server" : [

{

"core_number" : "1",

"hostname" : "server1nameredacted.com",

"license" : 0,

"memory_amount" : "2048",

"plan" : "1xCPU-2GB",

"plan_ipv4_bytes" : "3472464313",

"plan_ipv6_bytes" : "166293599",

"state" : "started",

"tags" : {

"tag" : [

"tag1"

]

"title" : "server1nameredacted.com",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

{

"core_number" : "1",

"hostname" : "server2nameredacted.com",

"license" : 0,

"memory_amount" : "1024",

"plan" : "1xCPU-1GB",

"plan_ipv4_bytes" : "198911",

"plan_ipv6_bytes" : "19742",

"state" : "started",

"tags" : {

"tag" : [

"tag2"

]

"title" : "server1nameredacted.com",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

}

]

}

Query Server Information

I have redated the UUID’s for my servers but once you know them you can query them by hitting https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/server/########-####-####-####-############

Query (GET)

GET /1.2/server/########-####-####-####-############ HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

GET /1.2/server/########-####-####-####-############ HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

Output

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:45:14 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 1656
Server: Apache

{
   "server" : {
      "boot_order" : "cdrom,disk",
      "core_number" : "1",
      "firewall" : "on",
      "host" : redacted,
      "hostname" : "server1nameredacted.com",
      "ip_addresses" : {
         "ip_address" : [
            {
               "access" : "private",
               "address" : "##.#.#.###",
               "family" : "IPv4"
            },
            {
               "access" : "public",
               "address" : "###.###.###.###",
               "family" : "IPv4",
               "part_of_plan" : "yes"
            },
            {
               "access" : "public",
               "address" : "####:####:####:####:####:####:########",
               "family" : "IPv6"
            }
         ]
      },
      "license" : 0,
      "memory_amount" : "2048",
      "nic_model" : "virtio",
      "plan" : "1xCPU-2GB",
      "plan_ipv4_bytes" : "3519033266",
      "plan_ipv6_bytes" : "168200052",
      "state" : "started",
      "storage_devices" : {
         "storage_device" : [
            {
               "address" : "virtio:0",
               "boot_disk" : "0",
               "part_of_plan" : "yes",
               "storage" : "########-####-####-####-############",
               "storage_size" : 50,
               "storage_title" : "system",
               "type" : "disk"
            }
         ]
      },
      "tags" : {
         "tag" : [
            "fearby"
         ]
      },
      "timezone" : "Australia/Sydney",
      "title" : "server1nameredacted.com",
      "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "video_model" : "cirrus",
      "vnc" : "off",
      "vnc_password" : "#########################",
      "zone" : "us-chi1"
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:45:14 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 1656

Server: Apache

{

"server" : {

"boot_order" : "cdrom,disk",

"core_number" : "1",

"firewall" : "on",

"host" : redacted,

"hostname" : "server1nameredacted.com",

"ip_addresses" : {

"ip_address" : [

{

"access" : "private",

"address" : "##.#.#.###",

"family" : "IPv4"

{

"access" : "public",

"address" : "###.###.###.###",

"family" : "IPv4",

"part_of_plan" : "yes"

{

"access" : "public",

"address" : "####:####:####:####:####:####:########",

"family" : "IPv6"

}

]

"license" : 0,

"memory_amount" : "2048",

"nic_model" : "virtio",

"plan" : "1xCPU-2GB",

"plan_ipv4_bytes" : "3519033266",

"plan_ipv6_bytes" : "168200052",

"state" : "started",

"storage_devices" : {

"storage_device" : [

{

"address" : "virtio:0",

"boot_disk" : "0",

"part_of_plan" : "yes",

"storage" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"storage_size" : 50,

"storage_title" : "system",

"type" : "disk"

}

]

"tags" : {

"tag" : [

"fearby"

]

"timezone" : "Australia/Sydney",

"title" : "server1nameredacted.com",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"video_model" : "cirrus",

"vnc" : "off",

"vnc_password" : "#########################",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

}

The servers name, IPv4 and IPV6 network adapters are listed, CPU(s), Memory, Disk Sized and UUID’s are all visible 🙂

Surprisingly the VNC password is visible (enabling access to the root console).

TIP: Ensure your API account is safe and secure.

Query Storage Information

Now, Let’s query the storage with the GUID from above by querying https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############

Query (GET)

GET /1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############ HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Authorization: Basic  ##############base64hash##############

GET /1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############ HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

Output

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:53:36 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 559
Server: Apache

{
   "storage" : {
      "access" : "private",
      "backup_rule" : {},
      "backups" : {
         "backup" : [
            "########-####-####-####-############"
         ]
      },
      "license" : 0,
      "part_of_plan" : "yes",
      "servers" : {
         "server" : [
            "########-####-####-####-############"
         ]
      },
      "size" : 50,
      "state" : "online",
      "tier" : "maxiops",
      "title" : "system",
      "type" : "normal",
      "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "zone" : "us-chi1"
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:53:36 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 559

Server: Apache

{

"storage" : {

"access" : "private",

"backup_rule" : {},

"backups" : {

"backup" : [

"########-####-####-####-############"

]

"license" : 0,

"part_of_plan" : "yes",

"servers" : {

"server" : [

"########-####-####-####-############"

]

"size" : 50,

"state" : "online",

"tier" : "maxiops",

"title" : "system",

"type" : "normal",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

}

I can see information about the storage’s assigned server and backups 🙂

Query Backup Information

Backup storage can be queried with the same storge API endpoint https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############

Query (GET)

GET /1.2/storage/014fd483-ea90-4055-b445-bf2011951999 HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

GET /1.2/storage/014fd483-ea90-4055-b445-bf2011951999 HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

Output

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 05:01:11 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 412
Server: Apache

{
   "storage" : {
      "access" : "private",
      "created" : "2018-06-16T04:47:56Z",
      "license" : 0,
      "origin" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "servers" : {
         "server" : []
      },
      "size" : 50,
      "state" : "online",
      "title" : "On-Demand Backup",
      "type" : "backup",
      "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "zone" : "us-chi1"
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 05:01:11 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 412

Server: Apache

{

"storage" : {

"access" : "private",

"created" : "2018-06-16T04:47:56Z",

"license" : 0,

"origin" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"servers" : {

"server" : []

"size" : 50,

"state" : "online",

"title" : "On-Demand Backup",

"type" : "backup",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

}

Rename Backup

One thing that I would like to be able to do is to rename on-demand backups in the UpCloud dashboard (this is not a feature yet) but I can rename manual backup’s in the API though 🙂

Boring “On-Demand Backup” label.

I tried sending JSON to https://api.upcloud.com/1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############ to rename a backup but kept getting an error?

JSON

{
> “storage”: {
> “title”: “Latest manual backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks”,
> “size”: “50”
> }
> }

Result

> “error_code” : “CONTENT_TYPE_INVALID”,
> “error_message” : “The Content-Type header has an invalid value.”

I googled and found an old manual for UpClouds API (official support here).

I added these missing content type headers (108 was the length in chars of the payload)

> Content-Type: application/json; Charset=UTF-8'
> Content-Length: 108

1 2	> Content-Type: application/json; Charset=UTF-8' > Content-Length: 108

Still no go?

I think the content length value is wrong, more here.

I fixed it, it turned out I had a semicolon in the Content-Type value. The JSON RFC always assumes that Content-Type is UTF8 encoded (more here).

This Fails

Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8

1	Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8

This Works

Content-Type: application/json

1	Content-Type: application/json

Now I can rename my Backup (storage). I manually calculated the length of the JSON payload and added a “Content-Length” header and value.

Query (PUT)

PUT /1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############ HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 113
Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

{"storage":{"size":"50","title":"Latest manual backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks"}}

PUT /1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############ HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Content-Type: application/json

Content-Length: 113

Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

{"storage":{"size":"50","title":"Latest manual backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks"}}

Output

HTTP/1.1 202 ACCEPTED
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 05:47:02 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 453
Server: Apache

{
   "storage" : {
      "access" : "private",
      "created" : "2018-06-16T04:47:56Z",
      "license" : 0,
      "origin" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "servers" : {
         "server" : []
      },
      "size" : 50,
      "state" : "online",
      "title" : "Latest manual backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks",
      "type" : "backup",
      "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "zone" : "us-chi1"
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 202 ACCEPTED

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 05:47:02 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 453

Server: Apache

{

"storage" : {

"access" : "private",

"created" : "2018-06-16T04:47:56Z",

"license" : 0,

"origin" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"servers" : {

"server" : []

"size" : 50,

"state" : "online",

"title" : "Latest manual backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks",

"type" : "backup",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

}

Success 🙂

Create a Backup

Backups can be performed with a “/backup” added to the end of the query string.

Query (POST)

POST /1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############/backup HTTP/1.1
Host: api.upcloud.com
User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 100
Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

{
  "storage": {
    "title": "Sunday 17th Latest backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks"
  }
}

POST /1.2/storage/########-####-####-####-############/backup HTTP/1.1

Host: api.upcloud.com

User-Agent: Paw/3.1.7 (Macintosh; OS X/10.13.5) NSURLConnection/1452.23

Content-Type: application/json

Content-Length: 100

Authorization: Basic ##############base64hash##############

{

"storage": {

"title": "Sunday 17th Latest backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks"

}

Output

HTTP/1.1 201 CREATED
Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 06:17:35 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8
Connection: close
Content-Length: 487
Server: Apache

{
   "storage" : {
      "access" : "private",
      "created" : "2018-06-17T06:17:35Z",
      "license" : 0,
      "origin" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "progress" : "0",
      "servers" : {
         "server" : []
      },
      "size" : 50,
      "state" : "maintenance",
      "title" : "Sunday 17th Latest backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks",
      "type" : "backup",
      "uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",
      "zone" : "us-chi1"
   }
}

HTTP/1.1 201 CREATED

Date: Sun, 17 Jun 2018 06:17:35 GMT

Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8

Connection: close

Content-Length: 487

Server: Apache

{

"storage" : {

"access" : "private",

"created" : "2018-06-17T06:17:35Z",

"license" : 0,

"origin" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"progress" : "0",

"servers" : {

"server" : []

"size" : 50,

"state" : "maintenance",

"title" : "Sunday 17th Latest backup , Working NGINX, PHP, MySQL w Tweaks",

"type" : "backup",

"uuid" : "########-####-####-####-############",

"zone" : "us-chi1"

}

Success (UpCloud GUI)

Conclusion

UpCloud does have great API docs.

I can easily integrate this into bash scripts to manage my servers via API and a future Java app for managing servers.

Paw does give CURL output to allow me to copy working API’s for use in BASH 🙂

More to come

BASH Script to Deploy and configure a server on UpCloud via Initalization scripts (or manual) (1 week)
JAVA App to manage your server (3 months)

If you are signing up for UpCloud please consider using my referral code and get $25 credit for free.

Read my setup guide here.

https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793

I hope this guide helps someone.

Ask a question or recommend an article

Revision History

V1.1 updated typo

v1.0 Initial Post.

Backing up OSX or an Ubuntu server with Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage from the Command Line

March 14, 2018 by Simon

This computer will show you can back up computer or server with Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage from the Command Line n OSX and Ubuntu.

This post is still being written. I have a number of guides on moving hasting away form CPanel, Setting up VM’s on AWS, Vultr or Digital Ocean along with installing and managing WordPress from the command line. Also, I have blogged about how you can add block storage to a Vultr server, backup and restore snapshots , syncing files with rsync along with using GitHub and Bitbucket but what do you do if you need to backup large amounts of data?

Backblaze has a Cloud storage solution that costs as low as $0.005c a GB (a month), The first 10G is free. Backblaze say “From bytes to petabytes Backblaze B2 is the lowest cost high-performance cloud storage in the world. ”

Back Blaze have open sourced internal drive enclosure designs and drive failure stats and it’s time I gave them a try.

Goto https://www.backblaze.com

Create or sign in.

After you login got the dashboard.

Click Backblaze B2 Cloud Storage

Create a Bucket

Name the bucket (long names with a GUID are good).

You can rename the bucket here and change public/private and or upload/download files manually.

The first thing I did was limit the versions of files under the lifecycle settings for the bucket.

Now I created a series of subfolders to store files from different servers (I could have used many buckets but one bucket will do).

I can upload files via the Backblaze bucket GUI if I needed to.

Back Blaze has a command line tool for uploading: https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/quick_command_line.html

Install Steps

Backblaze state “The B2 command-line tool is available from the Python Package Index (PyPI) using the standard pip installation tool. Your first step is to make sure that you have either Python 2 (2.6 or later) or Python 3 (3.2 or later) installed.”

I have Python 2.7 installed

python --version
Python 2.7.10

1 2	python --version Python 2.7.10

Install PIP

sudo easy_install pip
Password:
Searching for pip
Best match: pip 1.5.6
Processing pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg
pip 1.5.6 is already the active version in easy-install.pth
Installing pip script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pip2.7 script to /usr/local/bin
Installing pip2 script to /usr/local/bin

Using /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg
Processing dependencies for pip
Finished processing dependencies for pip

sudo easy_install pip

Password:

Searching for pip

Best match: pip 1.5.6

Processing pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg

pip 1.5.6 is already the active version in easy-install.pth

Installing pip script to /usr/local/bin

Installing pip2.7 script to /usr/local/bin

Installing pip2 script to /usr/local/bin

Using /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg

Processing dependencies for pip

Finished processing dependencies for pip

I ran into issues updating b2 CLI

sudo pip install --upgrade b2
Requirement already up-to-date: b2 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages
Requirement already up-to-date: arrow>=0.8.0 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)
Requirement already up-to-date: logfury>=0.1.2 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)
Requirement already up-to-date: requests>=2.9.1 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)
Requirement already up-to-date: six>=1.10 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)
Requirement already up-to-date: tqdm>=4.5.0 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)
Requirement already up-to-date: futures>=3.0.5 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)
Downloading/unpacking python-dateutil from https://pypi.python.org/packages/bc/c5/3449988d33baca4e9619f49a14e28026399b0a8c32817e28b503923a04ab/python_dateutil-2.7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=5a86a548fe776cc079bf4a835473e3f8 (from arrow>=0.8.0->b2)
  Downloading python_dateutil-2.7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (207kB): 207kB downloaded
Installing collected packages: python-dateutil
  Found existing installation: python-dateutil 1.5
    Uninstalling python-dateutil:
Cleaning up...
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run
    requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1431, in install
    requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 598, in uninstall
    paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1836, in remove
    renames(path, new_path)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/util.py", line 295, in renames
    shutil.move(old, new)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 299, in move
    copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 208, in copytree
    raise Error, errors
Error: [('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-2010g.tar.gz', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-2010g.tar.gz', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-2010g.tar.gz'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil'")]

Storing debug log for failure in /Users/simon/Library/Logs/pip.log

sudo pip install --upgrade b2

Requirement already up-to-date: b2 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages

Requirement already up-to-date: arrow>=0.8.0 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)

Requirement already up-to-date: logfury>=0.1.2 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)

Requirement already up-to-date: requests>=2.9.1 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)

Requirement already up-to-date: six>=1.10 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)

Requirement already up-to-date: tqdm>=4.5.0 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)

Requirement already up-to-date: futures>=3.0.5 in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from b2)

Downloading/unpacking python-dateutil from https://pypi.python.org/packages/bc/c5/3449988d33baca4e9619f49a14e28026399b0a8c32817e28b503923a04ab/python_dateutil-2.7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=5a86a548fe776cc079bf4a835473e3f8 (from arrow>=0.8.0->b2)

Downloading python_dateutil-2.7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (207kB): 207kB downloaded

Installing collected packages: python-dateutil

Found existing installation: python-dateutil 1.5

Uninstalling python-dateutil:

Cleaning up...

Exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main

status = self.run(options, args)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run

requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1431, in install

requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 598, in uninstall

paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1836, in remove

renames(path, new_path)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/util.py", line 295, in renames

shutil.move(old, new)

File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 299, in move

copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)

File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 208, in copytree

raise Error, errors

Error: [('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-2010g.tar.gz', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-2010g.tar.gz', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/zoneinfo-2010g.tar.gz'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo/__init__.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/zoneinfo'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/relativedelta.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/parser.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/rrule.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/__init__.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.py', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/easter.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tz.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.pyc', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil/tzwin.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil', '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-jWEHna-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/dateutil'")]

Storing debug log for failure in /Users/simon/Library/Logs/pip.log

I tried installing via the alternative method (with no luck)

git clone https://github.com/Backblaze/B2_Command_Line_Tool.git
Cloning into 'B2_Command_Line_Tool'...
remote: Counting objects: 5084, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (8/8), done.
remote: Total 5084 (delta 1), reused 1 (delta 0), pack-reused 5076
Receiving objects: 100% (5084/5084), 1.25 MiB | 689.00 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (3622/3622), done.

git clone https://github.com/Backblaze/B2_Command_Line_Tool.git

Cloning into 'B2_Command_Line_Tool'...

remote: Counting objects: 5084, done.

remote: Compressing objects: 100% (8/8), done.

remote: Total 5084 (delta 1), reused 1 (delta 0), pack-reused 5076

Receiving objects: 100% (5084/5084), 1.25 MiB | 689.00 KiB/s, done.

Resolving deltas: 100% (3622/3622), done.

cd B2_Command_Line_Tool/

1	cd B2_Command_Line_Tool/

I tried running the setup script (with no luck)

sudo python setup.py install
setuptools 20.2 or later is required. To fix, try running: pip install "setuptools>=20.2"

1 2	sudo python setup.py install setuptools 20.2 or later is required. To fix, try running: pip install "setuptools>=20.2"

Upgrading setup tools also failed

sudo pip install "setuptools>=20.2"
Downloading/unpacking setuptools>=20.2
  Downloading setuptools-38.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (490kB): 490kB downloaded
Installing collected packages: setuptools
  Found existing installation: setuptools 18.5
    Uninstalling setuptools:
Cleaning up...
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run
    requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1431, in install
    requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 598, in uninstall
    paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1836, in remove
    renames(path, new_path)
  File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/util.py", line 295, in renames
    shutil.move(old, new)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 299, in move
    copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
  File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 208, in copytree
    raise Error, errors
Error: [('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.pyc', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.py', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.py', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.pyc', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib'")]

Storing debug log for failure in /Users/simon/Library/Logs/pip.log

sudo pip install "setuptools>=20.2"

Downloading/unpacking setuptools>=20.2

Downloading setuptools-38.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (490kB): 490kB downloaded

Installing collected packages: setuptools

Found existing installation: setuptools 18.5

Uninstalling setuptools:

Cleaning up...

Exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/basecommand.py", line 122, in main

status = self.run(options, args)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/commands/install.py", line 283, in run

requirement_set.install(install_options, global_options, root=options.root_path)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1431, in install

requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 598, in uninstall

paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/req.py", line 1836, in remove

renames(path, new_path)

File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip-1.5.6-py2.7.egg/pip/util.py", line 295, in renames

shutil.move(old, new)

File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 299, in move

copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)

File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/shutil.py", line 208, in copytree

raise Error, errors

Error: [('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.pyc', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.py', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.py', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.py', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/markers.py'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.pyc', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.pyc', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib/__init__.pyc'"), ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib', '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib', "[Errno 1] Operation not permitted: '/tmp/pip-8Vu7xp-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib'")]

Storing debug log for failure in /Users/simon/Library/Logs/pip.log

Backing up a Mac via command line with B2

More to come when I can get B2 CLI Installed.

Backing up a an Ubuntu machine via command line with B2

More to come when I can get B2 CLI Installed.

Update

My ticket with Backblaze was automatically closed with this note “If the issue is persisting, it may be easiest to map the installation to the user folder, rather than the system level.”

No ideas how but something to research.

Ask a question or the recommend an article

Revision History

V1.1 ticket closed

v1.0 Initial post

Self Managed Server – Frequent Manual Tasks

December 31, 2017 by Simon

Below are the manual Task’s I perform frequently on all self-managed Ubuntu serves I own (along with automated backups and update tasks).

Here is a post on automatically backing up a server to another via crontab entries. I have a number of Ubuntu Servers on Vultr and Digital Ocean (online cloud server for as low as $2.5 a month).

I also perform manual backups to ensure files are backed up.

Manual Backup Files.

First I create the following folder structure on my OSX desktop (for each server I need to backup).

My Server 01

~\Desktop\www.myserver01.com\
~\Desktop\www.myserver01.com\www
~\Desktop\www.myserver01.com\db
~\Desktop\www.myserver01.com\nginx
~\Desktop\www.myserver01.com\misc

My Server 02

~\Desktop\www.myserver02.com\
~\Desktop\www.myserver02.com\www
~\Desktop\www.myserver02.com\db
~\Desktop\www.myserver02.com\nginx
~\Desktop\www.myserver02.com\misc

etc (for each server)

I then use Forklift 3 (not a paid endorsement, I just love it) to manually backup files on the server. I manually copy files that are available via existing SFTP connections in Forklift (e.g WWW, MySQL, NGINX, MongoDB etc).

I simply drag and drop important file system files in Forklift (from the remote SFTP instance to a local folder).

SFTP copy progress can be viewed in Forklift.

fyi: SFTP is not the fastest transfer protocol. It appears only 39MB (4055 items) has been downloaded in 8 hours over ADSL (on a server that is over 400ms away).

FYI: Slow servers (ping) do not like like SFTP.

ping myserver01.com
PING myserver01 (ip_removed): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=0 ttl=53 time=450.338 ms
64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=1 ttl=52 time=423.412 ms
64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=458.129 ms
64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=462.419 ms

ping myserver01.com

PING myserver01 (ip_removed): 56 data bytes

64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=0 ttl=53 time=450.338 ms

64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=1 ttl=52 time=423.412 ms

64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=458.129 ms

64 bytes from 45.x.x.x: icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=462.419 ms

TIP: Consider zipping smaller files first (into one larger file) or using RSync instead.

Pre Zipping up files before backing up.

I used this command to pre-compress entire folders before downloading them over SFTP.

cd / && zip -r -9 /www.zip /www && zip -r -9 /nginx.zip /etc/nginx/ && ls -al

1	cd / && zip -r -9 /www.zip /www && zip -r -9 /nginx.zip /etc/nginx/ && ls -al

I created a bash script to manually prepare files to backup on each server.

#!/bin/bash
sudo rm  /www.zip -R
sudo rm  /nginx.zip -R
sudo zip -r -9 /www.zip /www
sudo zip -r -9 /nginx.zip /etc/nginx/

#!/bin/bash

sudo rm /www.zip -R

sudo rm /nginx.zip -R

sudo zip -r -9 /www.zip /www

sudo zip -r -9 /nginx.zip /etc/nginx/

Don’t forget to make the script file executable

chmod +X _ManualBackup.sh

1	chmod +X _ManualBackup.sh

Now I call the script to compress files before backup

sudo bash _ManualBackup.sh

1	sudo bash _ManualBackup.sh

TIP: Add other things to back up to the script (e.g MongoDB and MySQL).

Below is my script to backup WWW, NGINX, MySQL and MongoDB and zip them before copying over SFTP.

#!/bin/bash

# Backup WWW Task
echo "Backing up WWW"
sudo rm  /www.zip -R
sudo zip -r -9 /www.zip /www
echo "Finished Backing up WWW"

# Backup NGINX Task
echo "Backing up NGINX"
sudo rm  /nginx.zip -R
sudo zip -r -9 /nginx.zip /etc/nginx/
echo "Finished backing up NGINX"

#Backup MySQL Task
echo "Backing up MYSQL Databases"
sudo rm /*.sql
USER="***********"
PASSWORD="*********************************"
databases=`mysql -u $USER -p$PASSWORD -e "SHOW DATABASES;" | tr -d "| " | grep -v Database`
for db in $databases; do
    if [[ "$db" != "information_schema" ]] && [[ "$db" != "performance_schema" ]] && [[ "$db" != "mysql" ]] && [[ "$db" != _* ]] ; then
        echo "Dumping database: $db"
        mysqldump -u $USER -p$PASSWORD --databases $db > /$db.sql
    fi
done
sudo zip -r -9 /dbs.zip /*.sql
rm /*.sql -R
echo "Finsihed Backing up MYSQL Databases"

# Backup MongoDB Task
echo "Backing up MongoDB"
rm /mondodb.zip -R
sudo zip -r -9 /mongodb.zip /mongodb*
echo "Finsihed Backing up MongoDB"

# Done
ls /*.zip -al
echo "Done"

#!/bin/bash

# Backup WWW Task

echo "Backing up WWW"

sudo rm /www.zip -R

sudo zip -r -9 /www.zip /www

echo "Finished Backing up WWW"

# Backup NGINX Task

echo "Backing up NGINX"

sudo rm /nginx.zip -R

sudo zip -r -9 /nginx.zip /etc/nginx/

echo "Finished backing up NGINX"

#Backup MySQL Task

echo "Backing up MYSQL Databases"

sudo rm /*.sql

USER="***********"

PASSWORD="*********************************"

databases=`mysql -u $USER -p$PASSWORD -e "SHOW DATABASES;" | tr -d "| " | grep -v Database`

for db in $databases; do

if [[ "$db" != "information_schema" ]] && [[ "$db" != "performance_schema" ]] && [[ "$db" != "mysql" ]] && [[ "$db" != _* ]] ; then

echo "Dumping database: $db"

mysqldump -u $USER -p$PASSWORD --databases $db > /$db.sql

done

sudo zip -r -9 /dbs.zip /*.sql

rm /*.sql -R

echo "Finsihed Backing up MYSQL Databases"

# Backup MongoDB Task

echo "Backing up MongoDB"

rm /mondodb.zip -R

sudo zip -r -

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Backup

How to backup and restore a MySQL database on Windows and Linux

Why backup and restore

Murphy’s Law

Backup (the easiest way) with Adminer

Restore (the easiest way) with Adminer

Bonus methods.

How to code PHP on your localhost and deploy to the cloud via SFTP with PHPStorm by Jet Brains

Pre-Requisites/Assumptions

Background

PHPStorm IDE?

Install PHPStorm

System requirements

Pricing

Creating a Project

Creating your first PHP file

Creating a Deploy Target

Deploying code to the cloud

Sourc Control

Shell Command

Linux Client

Troubleshooting

I am moving away from Apple hardware

Upgrading an Ubuntu server on UpCloud to add more CPU, Memory and Disk Space

How to use the UpCloud API to manage your UpCloud servers

Self Managed Server – Frequent Manual Tasks