Code Archives - Programming, IoT and Server Stuff

OWASP is a non-profit that lists the Top Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks, they also have a GUI Java tool called OWASP Zap that you can use to check your apps for security issue.

I have a number of guides on moving hasting away form CPanel, Setting up VM’s on AWS, Vultr or Digital Ocean along with installing and managing WordPress from the command line. It is important that you always update your site and software and test your sites and software for vulnerabilities. Zap is free and completely open source.

Disclaimer, I am not an expert (this Zap post and my past Kali Linux guide will be updated as I learn more).

OWASP Top 10

OWASP has a top 10 list of things to review.

Download the OWASP 10 10 Application security risks PDF here form here.

Using the free OWASP Zap Tool

Snip from https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project

“The OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) is one of the world’s most popular free security tools and is actively maintained by hundreds of international volunteers*. It can help you automatically find security vulnerabilities in your web applications while you are developing and testing your applications. It’s also a great tool for experienced pentesters to use for manual security testing.”

Zap Overview

Here is a quick demo of Zap in action.

Do check out the official Zap videos on youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/OWASPGLOBAL/videos if you want to learn more.

Installing Zap

Download Zap from here.

Download Options

Download contents

Copy to the app to the OSX Application folder

App Installed

Open OSX’s Privacy and Security screen and click Open Anyway

OWASP Zap is now Installed

Ready for a Scan

But before we do let’s check out the Options

OWASP Zap allows you to label reports to ad from anyone you want.

Now let’s update the program and plugins, Click Manage Add-ons

Click Update All to Update addons

I clicked Update All

Installed some plugins

Zap is Ready

Add a site and right click on the site and you can perform an active scan or port scan.

First Scan (https failed)

I enabled unsafe SSL/TLS Renegotiation.

This did not work and this guide said I needed to install the “Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files” from here.

The extract files to /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/%your_jdk%/Contents/Home/jre/lib/security

I restarted OWASP Zap and tried to scan my site buy it appears Cloudflare (that I recently set up) was blocking my scans and reported error 403. I decided to scan another site of mine that was not on Cloudflare but had the same Lets Encrypt style SSL cert.

fyi: I own and set up the site I queried below.

OWASP Zap scan performed over 800 requests and tried traversal exploits and many other checks. Do repair any major failures you find.

Generating a Report

To generate a report click Report then the appropriate generation menu of choice.

FYI: The High Priority Alert is a false positive with an HTML item being mistaken for a CC number.

I hope this guide helps someone. Happy software/server hardening and good luck.

More Reading

Check out my Kali Linux guide.

Ask a question or recommend an article

Revision History

v1.2 False Positive

v1.1 updated main features

v1.0 Initial post

Sanitising user input is a golden rule with web developing (see https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Input_Validation_Cheat_Sheet ), here is my code snippet to sanitise and parameterise MySQL queries in PHP 7.0.

First, watch and follow @jawache (Asim Hussein) demo how common hacks happen and why you should update and patch software often, sanitise user data and set up a firewall.

I have blogged before on how to set up a Vultr server and configure it, How to secure Ubuntu in the Cloud, How to run an Ubuntu System Audit and Beyond SSL with Content Security Policy, Public Key Pinning etc but a 100% secure server is impossible as zero-day exploits and flaws (e.g WPA WiFi) reminds us how limited technology lifespans can be. Yes, you can setup firewalls on Ubuntu and WordPress but you are only one exploit away from being hacked.Below is my code snippet (in PHP) to sanitise incoming data, query a MySQL database with object-oriented calls in PHP 7.0 and return data in variables. I have set up a firewall to block access to MySQL and non-essential ports (use https://www.shodan.io/ to test your server’s ports). I was using older deprecated PHP 5 era database calls and I researched newer calls available in PHP 7.0.

When you log in to an Ubuntu server and it says the following you should update

89 packages can be updated.
35 updates are security updates.

1 2	89 packages can be updated. 35 updates are security updates.

Also update software, node, npm etc

This code outputs too much information but will help you setup and get data on your servers (as long as you replace your database, table and field names).

<?php
echo "Last modified: " . date ("F d Y H:i:s.", getlastmod()) . "<br /><br />";
date_default_timezone_set('Australia/Sydney');

$dbhost = '127.0.0.1';
$dbusername = 'themysqlaccount';
$dbpassword = 'themysqlpassword';
$dbname = 'thedatabasename';
$con = mysqli_connect($dbhost, $dbusername, $dbpassword, $dbname);

//Debug stuff
//echo var_dump($con);
//printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);

if($con->connect_errno > 0){
    printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);
    die("Error: Unable to connect to MySQL (E001)");
} else {
 echo "Charset set to utf8<br />";
 mysqli_set_charset($con,"utf8");
}

if (!$con) {
    echo "Error: Unable to connect to MySQL (E002)" . PHP_EOL;
    echo "Debugging errno: " . mysqli_connect_errno() . PHP_EOL;
    echo "Debugging error: " . mysqli_connect_error() . PHP_EOL;
    exit;
} else {
    echo "Database Connection OK<br />";

    echo "&nbsp; Success: A proper connection to MySQL was made! The my_db database is great." . PHP_EOL . "<br />";
    echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Host information: " . mysqli_get_host_info($con) . PHP_EOL . "<br />";
    echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Server Info: '" . mysqli_get_server_info($con) . "'<br />";
    echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Server Protocol Info : ". mysqli_get_proto_info($con) . "<br />";
    echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Server Version: " . mysqli_get_server_version($con) . "<br />";
    //echo " - Server Connection Stats: " . print_r(mysqli_get_connection_stats($con)) . "<br />";
    echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Client Version: " . mysqli_get_client_version($con) . "<br />";
    echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Client Info: '" . mysqli_get_client_info() . "'<br />";

echo "Ready to Query the database '$dbname'.<br />";

// Input Var's that are parameterized/bound into the query statement
// I pre fill three vaiables with known fields in my users table
// Goot article in manual sanitization of strings in PHP http://php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.sanitize.php
    $in_username = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, 'FearTec');
    $in_f_guid = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, '5161a571-4a51-468d-9e96-6a5db5d35b1c');
    $in_mobile = mysqli_real_escape_string($con,'0456629533');

// Output Var's that the query fills after querying the database
// These variables will be filled with data from the current returned row
    $out_id = "";
    $out_f_guid = "";
    $out_username = "";
    $out_mobile = "";

echo "1. About to query the database: '$dbname'<br />";
$stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($con);
if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,"SELECT id, username, guid, user_mobile FROM thedatabasename WHERE username = ? AND guid = ? AND user_mobile = ?")) {

        echo "2. Query Returned<br />";

        /*
            Type specification chars
            Character   Description
            i   corresponding variable has type integer
            d   corresponding variable has type double
            s   corresponding variable has type string
            b   corresponding variable is a blob and will be sent in packets
        */
        mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, 'sss', $in_username, $in_guid, $in_mobile);

        mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);

        mysqli_stmt_bind_result($stmt, $out_id, $out_username, $out_guid, $out_mobile);

        mysqli_stmt_fetch($stmt);

        // Do something with the 1st returned row        
        echo " - Row: ID: $out_id, GUID: $out_guid, USR: $out_username, MOB: $out_mobile";//
        // Do we have more rows to process
        while($stmt->fetch()) { 
                // Deal with other rows
                echo " - Row: ID: $out_id, GUID: $out_f_guid, USR: $out_username, MOB: $out_mobile<br />";
        }
        mysqli_stmt_close($stmt);
        
        echo "c<br />";
    }
     else {
        echo "3. Error Querying<br/>";
        printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);
    }

}    

?>

<?php

echo "Last modified: " . date ("F d Y H:i:s.", getlastmod()) . " ";

date_default_timezone_set('Australia/Sydney');

$dbhost = '127.0.0.1';

$dbusername = 'themysqlaccount';

$dbpassword = 'themysqlpassword';

$dbname = 'thedatabasename';

$con = mysqli_connect($dbhost, $dbusername, $dbpassword, $dbname);

//Debug stuff

//echo var_dump($con);

//printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);

if($con->connect_errno > 0){

printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);

die("Error: Unable to connect to MySQL (E001)");

} else {

echo "Charset set to utf8 ";

mysqli_set_charset($con,"utf8");

}

if (!$con) {

echo "Error: Unable to connect to MySQL (E002)" . PHP_EOL;

echo "Debugging errno: " . mysqli_connect_errno() . PHP_EOL;

echo "Debugging error: " . mysqli_connect_error() . PHP_EOL;

exit;

} else {

echo "Database Connection OK ";

echo "  Success: A proper connection to MySQL was made! The my_db database is great." . PHP_EOL . " ";

echo "   - Host information: " . mysqli_get_host_info($con) . PHP_EOL . " ";

echo "   - Server Info: '" . mysqli_get_server_info($con) . "' ";

echo "   - Server Protocol Info : ". mysqli_get_proto_info($con) . " ";

echo "   - Server Version: " . mysqli_get_server_version($con) . " ";

//echo " - Server Connection Stats: " . print_r(mysqli_get_connection_stats($con)) . " ";

echo "   - Client Version: " . mysqli_get_client_version($con) . " ";

echo "   - Client Info: '" . mysqli_get_client_info() . "' ";

echo "Ready to Query the database '$dbname'. ";

// Input Var's that are parameterized/bound into the query statement

// I pre fill three vaiables with known fields in my users table

// Goot article in manual sanitization of strings in PHP http://php.net/manual/en/filter.filters.sanitize.php

$in_username = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, 'FearTec');

$in_f_guid = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, '5161a571-4a51-468d-9e96-6a5db5d35b1c');

$in_mobile = mysqli_real_escape_string($con,'0456629533');

// Output Var's that the query fills after querying the database

// These variables will be filled with data from the current returned row

$out_id = "";

$out_f_guid = "";

$out_username = "";

$out_mobile = "";

echo "1. About to query the database: '$dbname' ";

$stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($con);

if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,"SELECT id, username, guid, user_mobile FROM thedatabasename WHERE username = ? AND guid = ? AND user_mobile = ?")) {

echo "2. Query Returned ";

Type specification chars

Character Description

i corresponding variable has type integer

d corresponding variable has type double

s corresponding variable has type string

b corresponding variable is a blob and will be sent in packets

mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, 'sss', $in_username, $in_guid, $in_mobile);

mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);

mysqli_stmt_bind_result($stmt, $out_id, $out_username, $out_guid, $out_mobile);

mysqli_stmt_fetch($stmt);

// Do something with the 1st returned row

echo " - Row: ID: $out_id, GUID: $out_guid, USR: $out_username, MOB: $out_mobile";//

// Do we have more rows to process

while($stmt->fetch()) {

// Deal with other rows

echo " - Row: ID: $out_id, GUID: $out_f_guid, USR: $out_username, MOB: $out_mobile ";

}

mysqli_stmt_close($stmt);

echo "c ";

}

else {

echo "3. Error Querying ";

printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);

}

Returned Data

Last modified: November 01 2017 16:43:01.
Charset set to utf8
Database Connection OK
  Success: A proper connection to MySQL was made! The my_db database is great. 
   - Host information: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP 
   - Server Info: '5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1'
   - Server Protocol Info : 10
   - Server Version: 50719
   - Client Version: 50012
   - Client Info: 'mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5######################## $'
Ready to Query the database 'thedatabasename'.
1. About to query the database: 'thedatabasename'
2. Query Returned
- Row: ID: 1, GUID: 0000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001, USR: Bob, MOB: 1234567890
- Row: ID: 2, GUID: 0000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000002, USR: Joe, MOB: 1234567891
- Row: ID: 3, GUID: 0000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003, USR: Jane, MOB: 1234567892

Last modified: November 01 2017 16:43:01.

Charset set to utf8

Database Connection OK

Success: A proper connection to MySQL was made! The my_db database is great.

- Host information: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP

- Server Info: '5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1'

- Server Protocol Info : 10

- Server Version: 50719

- Client Version: 50012

- Client Info: 'mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5######################## $'

Ready to Query the database 'thedatabasename'.

1. About to query the database: 'thedatabasename'

2. Query Returned

- Row: ID: 1, GUID: 0000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001, USR: Bob, MOB: 1234567890

- Row: ID: 2, GUID: 0000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000002, USR: Joe, MOB: 1234567891

- Row: ID: 3, GUID: 0000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003, USR: Jane, MOB: 1234567892

Variable Bind Parameter Types

When you bind an incoming variable you can inform MySQL what the data type is expected to be.

mysqli_stmt_bind_param: Type specification chars
Character   Description
i   corresponding variable has type integer
d   corresponding variable has type double
s   corresponding variable has type string
b   corresponding variable is a blob and will be sent in packets

mysqli_stmt_bind_param: Type specification chars

Character Description

i corresponding variable has type integer

d corresponding variable has type double

s corresponding variable has type string

b corresponding variable is a blob and will be sent in packets

Debug Options

Errors Enabled: Turn on PHP Debug Errors On

Turning on errors on production servers is bad but on on development.

First, find php.ini files

locate php.ini
/php.ini.bak
/.c9/metadata/workspace/etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini
/etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini
/etc/php/7.0/cli/php.ini
/etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini
/etc/php/7.0/phpdbg/php.ini
/usr/lib/php/7.0/php.ini-development
/usr/lib/php/7.0/php.ini-production
/usr/lib/php/7.0/php.ini-production.cli

locate php.ini

/php.ini.bak

/.c9/metadata/workspace/etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini

/etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini

/etc/php/7.0/cli/php.ini

/etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini

/etc/php/7.0/phpdbg/php.ini

/usr/lib/php/7.0/php.ini-development

/usr/lib/php/7.0/php.ini-production

/usr/lib/php/7.0/php.ini-production.cli

Edit your appropriate PHP file

sudo nano /etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini

1	sudo nano /etc/php/7.0/fpm/php.ini

And turn on Error reporting.

Restart PHP and NGINX

sudo /etc/init.d/php7.0-fpm restart
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

1 2	sudo /etc/init.d/php7.0-fpm restart sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

If you need to view your active php.ini file or see php configuration settings, add this to a .php file on your web server and view it’s contents.

<?php
phpinfo()
?>

<?php

phpinfo()

It is amazing how clear errors can be

Dump Connection Vars: PHP mysqli_connect: var_dump($con)

echo var_dump($con);

1	echo var_dump($con);

Output:

  public 'affected_rows' => int 0
  public 'client_info' => string 'mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5###############################3 $' (length=79)
  public 'client_version' => int 50012
  public 'connect_errno' => int 0
  public 'connect_error' => null
  public 'errno' => int 0
  public 'error' => string '' (length=0)
  public 'error_list' => 
    array (size=0)
      empty
  public 'field_count' => int 0
  public 'host_info' => string '127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP' (length=20)
  public 'info' => null
  public 'insert_id' => int 0
  public 'server_info' => string '5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1' (length=23)
  public 'server_version' => int 50719
  public 'stat' => string 'Uptime: 1828089  Threads: 1  Questions: 15702  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 1529  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 1461  Queries per second avg: 0.008' (length=142)
  public 'sqlstate' => string '00000' (length=5)
  public 'protocol_version' => int 10
  public 'thread_id' => int 7367
  public 'warning_count' => int 0

public 'affected_rows' => int 0

public 'client_info' => string 'mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5###############################3 $' (length=79)

public 'client_version' => int 50012

public 'connect_errno' => int 0

public 'connect_error' => null

public 'errno' => int 0

public 'error' => string '' (length=0)

public 'error_list' =>

array (size=0)

empty

public 'field_count' => int 0

public 'host_info' => string '127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP' (length=20)

public 'info' => null

public 'insert_id' => int 0

public 'server_info' => string '5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1' (length=23)

public 'server_version' => int 50719

public 'stat' => string 'Uptime: 1828089 Threads: 1 Questions: 15702 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 1529 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 1461 Queries per second avg: 0.008' (length=142)

public 'sqlstate' => string '00000' (length=5)

public 'protocol_version' => int 10

public 'thread_id' => int 7367

public 'warning_count' => int 0

Show Environment Vars: mysqli_get_host_info, mysqli_get_proto_info, mysqli_get_server_version, mysqli_get_client_version and mysqli_get_client_info.

echo "&nbsp; Success: Database connection OK." . PHP_EOL . "<br />";
echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Host information: " . mysqli_get_host_info($con) . PHP_EOL . "<br />";
echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Server Info: '" . mysqli_get_server_info($con) . "'<br />";
echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Server Protocol Info : ". mysqli_get_proto_info($con) . "<br />";
echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Server Version: " . mysqli_get_server_version($con) . "<br />";
//echo " - Server Connection Stats: " . print_r(mysqli_get_connection_stats($con)) . "<br />";
echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Client Version: " . mysqli_get_client_version($con) . "<br />";
echo "&nbsp; &nbsp;- Client Info: '" . mysqli_get_client_info() . "'<br />";

echo "  Success: Database connection OK." . PHP_EOL . " ";

echo "   - Host information: " . mysqli_get_host_info($con) . PHP_EOL . " ";

echo "   - Server Info: '" . mysqli_get_server_info($con) . "' ";

echo "   - Server Protocol Info : ". mysqli_get_proto_info($con) . " ";

echo "   - Server Version: " . mysqli_get_server_version($con) . " ";

//echo " - Server Connection Stats: " . print_r(mysqli_get_connection_stats($con)) . " ";

echo "   - Client Version: " . mysqli_get_client_version($con) . " ";

echo "   - Client Info: '" . mysqli_get_client_info() . "' ";

Output:

  Success: Database connection OK. 
   - Host information: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP 
   - Server Info: '5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1'
   - Server Protocol Info : 10
   - Server Version: 50719
   - Client Version: 50012
   - Client Info: 'mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5######################################## $'

Success: Database connection OK.

- Host information: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP

- Server Info: '5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1'

- Server Protocol Info : 10

- Server Version: 50719

- Client Version: 50012

- Client Info: 'mysqlnd 5.0.12-dev - 20150407 - $Id: b5######################################## $'

Show errors in failed if statements: mysqli_stmt_prepare else

printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);

1	printf(" - Error: %s.\n", $stmt->error);

Output:

Error: Table 'thedatabasename.invalidtablename' doesn't exist.

1	Error: Table 'thedatabasename.invalidtablename' doesn't exist.

Debugging is your friend.

More to come..

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Ask a question or recommend an article

V 1.0 initial post

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Coding for fun since 1996, Learn by doing and sharing.

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Using OWASP ZAP GUI to scan your Applications for security issues

PHP 7 code to send object oriented sanitised input data via bound parameters to a MYSQL database

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