Code, Security and Server Stuff

Views are my own and not my employer's.

Personal Development Blog...

Coding for fun since 1996, Learn by doing and sharing.

Buy a domain name, then create your own server (get $25 free credit)

View All Posts.

DNS

I moved my domain to UpCloud (on the other side of the world) from Vultr (Sydney) and could not be happier with the performance.

by

I moved my domain to UpCloud (on the other side of the world) from Vultr (Sydney) and could not be happier with the performance. Here is what I did to set up a complete Ubuntu 18.04 system (NGINX, PHP, MySQL, WordPress etc). This is not a paid review (just me documenting my steps over 2 days).

Background (CPanel hosts)

In 1999 I hosted my first domain (www.fearby.com) on a host in Seattle (for $10 USD a month), the host used CPanel and all was good.  After a decade I was using the domain more for online development and the website was now too slow (I think I was on dial-up or ADSL 1 at the time). I moved my domain to an Australian host (for $25 a month).

After 8 years the domain host was sold and performance remained mediocre. After another year the new host was sold again and performance was terrible.

Advertisement:



Page load times were near 30 seconds.

I started receiving Resource Limit Is Reached warnings (basically this was a plot by the new CPanel host to say “Pay us more and this message will go away”).

This is a screenshot of my old host giving a Usage Limit Exceeded error

The straw that broke the camel’s back was their demand of $150/year for a dodgy SSL certificate.

This is a screenshot of a crappy C rated SSL certificate (measured at ssl labs)

I needed to move to a self-managed server where I was in control.

Advertisement:



Buying a Domain Name

Buy a domain name from Namecheap here.

Domain names for just 88 cents!

Self Managed Server

I found a good web IDE ( http://www.c9.io/ ) that allowed me to connect to a cloud VM.  C9 allowed me to open many files and terminal windows and reconnect to them later. Don’t get excited, though, as AWS have purchased C9 and it’s not the same.

C9 IDE

C9 IDE

I spun up a Digital Ocean Server at the closest data centre in Singapore. Here was my setup guide creating a Digital Ocean VM, connecting to it with C9 and configuring it. I moved my email to G Suite and moved my WordPress to Digital Ocean (other guides here and here).

I was happy since I could now send emails via CLI/code, set up free SSL certs, add second domain email to G Suite and Secure G Suite. No more usage limit errors either.

Self-managing servers requires more work but it is more rewarding (flexible, faster and cheaper).  Page load times were now near 20 seconds (10-second improvement).

Latency Issue

Over 6 months, performance on Digital Ocean (in Singapore) from Australia started to drop (mentioned here).  I tried upgrading the memory but that did not help (latency was king).

Moved the website to Australia

I moved my domain to Vultr in Australia (guide here and here). All was good for a year until traffic growth started to increase.

Blog Growth

I tried upgrading the memory on Vultr and I setup PHP child workers, setup Cloudflare.

GT Metrix scores were about a “B” and Google Page Speed Scores were in the lower 40’s. Page loads were about 14 seconds (5-second improvement).

Tweaking WordPress

I set up an image compression plugin in WordPress then set up a cloud image compression and CDN Plugin from the same vendor.  Page Speed info here.

GT Metrix scores were now occasionally an “A” and Page Speed Scores were in the lower 20’s. Page loads were about 3-5 seconds (10-second improvement).

Mixed bag from Vultr (more optimisation and performance improvements were needed).

This screenshot is showing poor www.gtmetrix.com scores , pool google page speed index scores and upgrading from 1GB to 2GB memory on my server.

Google Chrome Developer Console Audit Results on Vultr hosted website were not very good (I stopped checking as nothing helped).

This is a screenshot showing poor site performance (screenshot taken in Google Dev tools audit feature)

The problem was the Vultr server (400km away in Sydney) was offline (my issue) and everything above (adding more memory, adding 2x CDN’s (EWWW and Cloudflare), adding PHP Child workers etc) did not seem to help???

Enter UpCloud…

Recently, a friend sent a link to a blog article about a host called “UpCloud” who promised “Faster than SSD” performance.  This can’t be right: “Faster than SSD”? I was intrigued. I wanted to check it out as I thought nothing was faster than SSD (well, maybe RAM).

I signed up for a trial and ran a disk IO test (read the review here) and I was shocked. It’s fast. Very fast.

Summary: UpCloud was twice as fast (Disk IO and CPU) as Vultr (+ an optional $4/m firewall and $3/m for 1x backup).

This is a screenshot showing Vultr.com servers getting half the read and write disk io performance compared to upcloud.com.

fyi: Labels above are K Bytes per second. iozone loops through all file sizes from 4 KB to 16,348 KB and measures through the reads per second. To be honest, the meaning of the numbers doesn’t interest me, I just want to compare apples to apples.

This is am image showing iozone results breakdown chart (kbytes per sec on vertical axis, file size in horizontal axis and transfer size on third access)

(image snip from http://www.iozone.org/ which explains the numbers)

I might have to copy my website on UpCloud and see how fast it is.

Where to Deploy and Pricing

UpCloud Pricing: https://www.upcloud.com/pricing/

UpCloud Pricing

UpCloud does not have a data centre in Australia yet so why choose UpCloud?

Most of my site’s visitors are based in the US and UpCloud have disk IO twice as fast as Vultr (win-win?).  I could deploy to Chicago?

This image sows most of my visitors are in the US

My site’s traffic is growing and I need to ensure the site is fast enough in the future.

This image shows that most of my sites visitors are hitting my site on week days.

Advertisement:



Creating an UpCloud VM

I used a friend’s referral code and signed up to create my first VM.

FYI: use my Referral code and get $25 free credit.  Sign up only takes 2 minutes.

https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793

When you click the link above you will receive 25$ to try out serves for 3 days. You can exit his trail and deposit $10 into UpCloud.

Trial Limitations

The trial mode restrictions are as following:

* Cloud servers can only be accessed using SSH, RDP, HTTP or HTTPS protocols
* Cloud servers are not allowed to send outgoing e-mails or to create outbound SSH/RDP connections
* The internet connection is restricted to 100 Mbps (compared to 500 Mbps for non-trial accounts)
* After your 72 hours free trial, your services will be deleted unless you make a one-time deposit of $10

UpCloud Links

The UpCloud support page is located here: https://www.upcloud.com/support/

More UpCloud links to read:

Signing up to UpCloud

Navigate to https://upcloud.com/signup and add your username, password and email address and click signup.

New UpCloud Signup Page

Add your address and payment details and click proceed (you don’t need to pay anything ($1 may be charged and instantly refunded to verify the card)

Add address and payment details

That’s it, check yout email.

Signup Done

Look for the UpCloud email and click https://my.upcloud.com/

Check Email

Now login

Login to UpCloud

Now I can see a dashboard 🙂

UpCloud Dashboard

I was happy to see 24/7 support is available.

This image shows the www.upcloud.com live chat

I opted in for the new dashboard

UpCloud new new dashboard

Deploy My First UpCloud Server

This is how I deployed a server.

Note: If you are going to deploy a server consider using my referral code and get $25 credit for free.

Under the “deploy a server” widget I named the server and chose a location (I think I was supposed to use an FQDN name -e.g., “fearby.com”). The deployment worked though. I clicked continue, then more options were made available:

  1. Enter a short server description.
  2. Choose a location (Frankfurt, Helsinki, Amsterdam, Singapore, London and Chicago)
  3. Choose the number of CPU’s and amount of memory
  4. Specify disk number/names and type (MaxIOPS or HDD).
  5. Choose an Operating System
  6. Select a Timezone
  7. Define SSH Keys for access
  8. Allowed login methods
  9. Choose hardware adapter types
  10. Where the send the login password

Deploy Server

FYI: How to generate a new SSH Key (on OSX or Ubuntu)

Output

Did the key export? (yes)

> /temp# ls /temp/ -al
> drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 9 15:33 .
> drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 Jun 8 14:25 ..
> -rw——- 1 user user 1766 Jun 9 15:33 example_rsa
> -rw-r–r– 1 user user 396 Jun 9 15:33 example_rsa.pub

“example_rsa” is the private key and “example_rsa.pub “is the public key.

  • The public key needs to be added to the server to allow access.
  • The private key needs to be added to any local ssh program used for remote access.

Initialisation script (after deployment)

I was pleased to see an initialization script section that calls actions after the server is deployed. I configured the initialisation script to pull down a few GB of backups from my Vultr website in Sydney (files now removed).

This was my Initialisation script:

Confirm and Deploy

I clicked “Confirm and deploy” but I had an alert that said trial mode can only deploy servers up to 1024MB of memory.

This image shows I cant deploy servers with 2/GB in trial modeExiting UpCloud Trial Mode

I opened the dashboard and clicked My Account then Billing, I could see the $25 referral credit but I guess I can’t use that in Trial.

I exited trial mode by depositing $10 (USD).

View Billing Details

Make a manual 1-time deposit of $10 to exit trial mode.

Deposit $10 to exit the trial

FYI: Server prices are listed below (or view prices here).

UpCloud Pricing

Now I can go back and deploy the server with the same settings above (1x CPU, 2GB Memory, Ubuntu 18.04, MaxIOPS Storage etc)

Advertisement:



Deployment takes a few minutes and depending on how you specified a password may be emailed to you.

UpCloud Server Deployed

The server is now deployed; now I can connect to it with my SSH program (vSSH).  Simply add the server’s IP, username, password and the SSH private key (generated above) to your ssh program of choice.

fyi: The public key contents start with “ssh-rsa”.

This image shows me connecting to my sever via ssh

I noticed that the initialisation script downloaded my 2+GB of files already. Nice.

UpCloud Billing Breakdown

I can now see on the UpCloud billing page in my dashboard that credit is deducted daily (68c); at this rate, I have 49 days credit left?

Billing Breakdown

I can manually deposit funds or set up automatic payments at any time 🙂

UpCloud Backup Options

You do not need to setup backups but in case you want to roll back (if things stuff up), it is a good idea. Backups are an additional charge.

I have set up automatic daily backups with an auto deletion after 2 days

To view backup scheduled click on your deployed server then click backup

List of UpCloud Backups

Note: Backups are charged at $0.056 for every GB stored – so $5.60 for every 100GB per month (half that for 50GB etc)

You can take manual backups at any time (and only be charged for the hour)

UpCloud Firewall Options

I set up a firewall at UpCloud to only allow the minimum number of ports (UpCloud DNS, HTTP, HTTPS and My IP to port 22).  The firewall feature is charged at $0.0056 an hour ($4.03 a month)

I love the ability to set firewall rules on incoming, destination and outgoing ports.

To view your firewall click on your deployed server then click firewall

UpCloud firewall

Update: I modified my firewall to allow inbound ICMP (IPv4/IPv6) and UDP (IPv4/IPv6) packets.

(Note: Old firewall screenshot)

Firewall Rules Allow port 80, 443 and DNS

Because my internet provider has a dynamic IP, I set up a VPN with a static IP and whitelisted it for backdoor access.

Local Ubuntu ufw Firewall

I duplicated the rules in my local ufw (2nd level) firewall (and blocked mail)

UpCloud Download Speeds

I pulled down a 1.8GB Ubuntu 18.08 Desktop ISO 3 times from gigenet.com and the file downloaded in 32 seconds (57MB/sec). Nice.

Install Common Ubuntu Packages

I installed common Ubuntu packages.

Timezone

I checked the server’s time (I thought this was auto set before I deployed)?

I reset the time to Australia/Sydney.

Now the timezone is set 🙂

Shell History

I increased the shell history.

SSH Login

I created a ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file and added my SSH public key to allow password-less logins.

I added my pubic ssh key, then exited the ssh session and logged back in. I can now log in without a password.

Install NGINX

nginx/1.14.0 is now installed.

A quick GT Metrix test.

This image shows awesome static nginx performance ratings of of 99%

Install MySQL

Run these commands to install and secure MySQL.

Securing the MySQL server deployment.
> Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD plugin?: n
> New password: **********************************************
> Re-enter new password: **********************************************
> Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
> Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
> Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
> Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
> Success.

I disabled the validate password plugin because I hate it.

MySQL Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.22 is now installed.

Set MySQL root login password type

Set MySQL root user to authenticate via “mysql_native_password”. Run the “mysql” command.

Now let’s set the root password authentication method to “mysql_native_password”

Check authentication method.

Now we need to flush permissions.

Done.

Advertisement:



Install PHP

Install PHP 7.2

PHP 7.2.5, Zend Engine v3.2.0 with Zend OPcache v7.2.5-1 is now installed. Do update PHP frequently.

I made the following changes in /etc/php/7.2/fpm/php.ini

> cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
> max_input_vars = 1000
> memory_limit = 1024M
> max_file_uploads = 20M
> post_max_size = 20M

Install PHP Modules

sudo apt-get install php-pear php7.2-curl php7.2-dev php7.2-mbstring php7.2-zip php7.2-mysql php7.2-xml

Install PHP FPM

Configure PHP FPM config.

Edit /etc/php/7.2/fpm/php.ini

> cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
> max_input_vars = 1000
> memory_limit = 1024M
> max_file_uploads = 20M
> post_max_size = 20M

Reload php sudo service.

Install PHP Modules

Configuring NGINX

If you are not comfortable editing NGINX config files read here, here and here.

I made a new “www root” folder, set permissions and created a default html file.

I edited the “root” key in “/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default” file and set the root a new location (e.g., “/www-root”)

I added these performance tweaks to /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

> worker_cpu_affinity auto;
> worker_rlimit_nofile 100000

I add the following lines to “http {” section in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Check NGINX Status

Install Open SSL that supports TLS 1.3

This is a work in progress. The steps work just fine for me on Ubuntu 16.04. but not Ubuntu 18.04.?

Installing Adminer MySQL GUI

I will use the PHP based Adminer MySQL GUI to export and import my blog from one server to another. All I needed to do is install it on both servers (simple 1 file download)

Use Adminer to Export My Blog (on Vultr)

On the original server open Adminer (http) and..

  1. Login with the MySQL root account
  2. Open your database
  3. Choose “Save” as the output
  4. Click on Export

This image shows the export of the wordpress adminer page

Save the “.sql” file.

I used Adminer on the UpCloud server to Import My Blog

FYI: Depending on the size of your database backup you may need to temporarily increase your upload and post sizes limits in PHP and NGINX before you can import your database.

Edit /etc/php/7.2/fpm/php.ini
> max_file_uploads = 100M
> post_max_size =100M

And Edit: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
> client_max_body_size 100M;

Don’t forget to reload NGINX config and restart NGINX and PHP. Take note of the maximum allowed file size in the screenshot below. I temporarily increased my upload limits to 100MB in order to restore my 87MB blog.

Now I could open Adminer on my UpCloud server.

  1. Create a new database
  2. Click on the database and click Import
  3. Choose the SQL file
  4. Click Execute to import it

Import MuSQL backup with Adminer

Don’t forget to create a user and assign permissions (as required – check your wp-config.php file).

Import MySQL Database

Tip: Don’t forget to lower the maximum upload file size and max post size after you import your database,

Cloudflare DNS

I use Cloudflare to manage DNS, so I need to tell it about my new server.

You can get your server’s IP details from the UpCloud dashboard.

Find IP

At Cloudflare update your DNS details to point to the server’s new IPv4 (“A Record”) and IPv6 (“AAAA Record”).

Cloudflare DNS

Advertisement:



Domain Error

I waited an hour and my website was suddenly unavailable.  At first, I thought this was Cloudflare forcing the redirection of my domain to HTTP (that was not yet set up).

DNS Not Replicated Yet

I chatted with UpCloud chat on their webpage and they kindly assisted me to diagnose all the common issues like DNS values, DNS replication, Cloudflare settings and the error was pinpointed to my NGINX installation.  All NGINX config settings were ok from what we could see?  I uninstalled NGINX and reinstalled it (and that fixed it). Thanks UpCloud Support 🙂

Reinstalled NGINX

I reinstalled NGINX and reconfigured /etc/nginx/nginx.conf (I downloaded my SSL cert from my old server just in case).

Here is my /etc/nginx/nginx.conf file.

Here is my /etc/nginx/sites-available/default file (fyi, I have not fully re-setup TLS 1.3 yet so I commented out the settings)

SSL Labs SSL Certificate Check

All good thanks to the config above.

SSL Labs

Install WP-CLI

I don’t like setting up FTP to auto-update WordPress plugins. I use the WP-CLI tool to manage WordPress installations by the command line. Read my blog here on using WP-CLI.

Download WP-CLI

Move WP-CLI to the bin folder as “wp”

Test wp

Update WordPress Plugins

Now I can run “wp plugin update” to update all WordPress plugins

Update WordPress Core

WordPress core file can be updated with “wp core update”

Troubleshooting: Use the flag “–allow-root “if wp needs higher access (unsafe action though).

Install PHP Child Workers

I edited the following file to setup PHP child workers /etc/php/7.2/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

Changes

> pm = dynamic
> pm.max_children = 40
> pm.start_servers = 15
> pm.min_spare_servers = 5
> pm.max_spare_servers = 15
> pm.process_idle_timeout = 30s;
> pm.max_requests = 500;
> php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/www-fpm-php.www.log
> php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 512M

Advertisement:



Restart PHP

Test NGINX config, reload NGINX config and restart NGINX

Output (14 workers are ready)

Memory Tweak (set at your own risk)

vm.swappiness = 1

Setting swappiness to a value of 1 all but disables the swap file and tells the Operating System to aggressively use ram, a value of 10 is safer. Only set this if you have enough memory available (and free).

Possible swappiness settings:

> vm.swappiness = 0 Swap is disabled. In earlier versions, this meant that the kernel would swap only to avoid an out of memory condition when free memory will be below vm.min_free_kbytes limit, but in later versions, this is achieved by setting to 1.[2]> vm.swappiness = 1 Kernel version 3.5 and over, as well as Red Hat kernel version 2.6.32-303 and over: Minimum amount of swapping without disabling it entirely.
> vm.swappiness = 10 This value is sometimes recommended to improve performance when sufficient memory exists in a system.[3]
> vm.swappiness = 60 The default value.
> vm.swappiness = 100 The kernel will swap aggressively.

The “htop” tool is a handy memory monitoring tool to “top”

Also you can use good old “watch” command to show near-live memory usage (auto-refreshes every 2 seconds)

Script to auto-clear the memory/cache

As a habit, I am setting up a cronjob to check when free memory falls below 100MB, then cache is automatically cleared (freeing memory).

Script Contents: clearcache.sh

I set the cronjob to run every 15 mins, I added this to my cronjob.

Sample log output

I will check the log (/scripts/clearcache.log) in a few days and view the memory trends.

After 1/2 a day Ubuntu 18.04 is handling memory just fine, no externally triggered cache clears have happened 🙂

Free memory over time

I used https://crontab.guru/every-hour to set the right schedule in crontab.

I rebooted the VM.

Update: I now use Nixstats monitoring

Swap File

FYI: Here is a handy guide on viewing swap file usage here. I’m not using swap files so it is only an aside.

After the system rebooted I checked if the swappiness setting was active.

Yes, swappiness is set.

File System Tweaks – Write Back Cache (set at your own risk)

First, check your disk name and file system

Take note of your disk name (e.g vda1)

I used TuneFS to enable writing data to the disk before writing to the journal. tunefs is a great tool for setting file system parameters.

Warning (snip from here): “I set the mode to journal_data_writeback. This basically means that data may be written to the disk before the journal. The data consistency guarantees are the same as the ext3 file system. The downside is that if your system crashes before the journal gets written then you may loose new data — the old data may magically reappear.”

Warning this can corrupt your data. More information here.

I ran this command.

I edited my fstab to append the “writeback,noatime,nodiratime” flags for my volume after a reboot.

Edit FS Tab:

I added “writeback,noatime,nodiratime” flags to my disk options.

Updating Ubuntu Packages

Show updatable packages.

Update Packages.

Unattended Security Updates

Read more on Ubuntu 18.04 Unattended upgrades here, here and here.

Install Unattended Upgrades

Enable Unattended Upgrades.

Now I configure what packages not to auto update.

Edit /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades

Find “Unattended-Upgrade::Package-Blacklist” and add packages that you don’t want automatically updated, you may want to manually update these (and monitor updates).

I prefer not to auto-update critical system apps (I will do this myself).

FYI: You can find installed packages by running this command:

Enable automatic updates by editing /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades

Edit the number at the end (the number is how many days to wait before updating) of each line.

> APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists “1”;
> APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages “1”;
> APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval “7”;
> APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade “1”;

Set to “0” to disable automatic updates.

The results of unattended-upgrades will be logged to /var/log/unattended-upgrades

Update packages now.

Almost done.

I Rebooted

Advertisement:



GT Metrix Score

I almost fell off my chair. It’s an amazing feeling hitting refresh in GT Metrix and getting sub-2-second score consistently (and that is with 17 assets loading and 361KB of HTML content)

0.9sec load times

WebPageTest.org Test Score

Nice. I am not sure why the effective use of CDN has an X rating as I have the EWWW CDN and Cloudflare. First Byte time is now a respectable “B”, This was always bad.

Update: I found out the longer you set cache delays in Cloudflare the higher the score.

Web Page Test

GT Metrix has a nice historical breakdown of load times (night and day).

Upcloud Site Speed in GTMetrix

Google Page Speed Insight Desktop Score

I benchmarked with https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/

This will help with future SEO rankings. It is well known that Google is pushing fast servers.

100% Desktop page speed score

Google Chrome 70 Dev Console Audit (Desktop)

100% Chrome Audit Score

This is amazing, I never expected to get this high score.  I know Google like (and are pushing) sub-1-second scores.

My site is loading so well it is time I restored some old features that were too slow on other servers

  • I disabled Lazy loading of images (this was not working on some Android devices)
  • I re-added the News Widget and news images.

GTMetrix and WebpageTest sores are still good (even after adding bloat)

Benchmarks are still good

My WordPress site is not really that small either

Large website

FYI: WordPress Plugins I use.

These are the plugins I use.

How I use these plugins to speed up my site.

  • I use EWWW Image Optimizer plugin to auto-compress my images and to provide a CDN for media asset deliver (pre-Cloudflare). Learn more about ExactDN and EWWW.io here.
  • I use Autoptimize plugin to optimise HTML/CSS/JS and ensure select assets are on my EWWW CDN. This plugin also removes WordPress Emojis, removed the use of Google Fonts, allows you to define pre-configured domains, Async Javascript-files etc.
  • I use BJ Lazy Load to prevent all images in a post from loading on load (and only as the user scrolls down the page).
  • GTmetrix for WordPress and Cloudflare plugins are for information only?
  • I use WP-Optimize to ensure my database is healthy and to disable comments/trackbacks and pingbacks.

Let’s Test UpCloud’s Disk IO in Chicago

Looks good to me, Read IO is a little bit lower than UpCloud’s Singapore data centre but still, it’s faster than Vultr.  I can’t wait for more data centres to become available around the world.

Why is UpCloud Disk IO so good?

I asked UpCloud on Twitter why the Disk IO was so good.

  • “MaxIOPS is UpCloud’s proprietary block-storage technology. MaxIOPS is physically redundant storage technology where all customer’s data is located in two separate physical devices at all times. UpCloud uses InfiniBand (!) network to connect storage backends to compute nodes, where customers’ cloud servers are running. All disks are enterprise-grade SSD’s. And using separate storage backends, it allows us to live migrate our customers’ cloud servers freely inside our infrastructure between compute nodes – whether it be due to hardware malfunction (compute node) or backend software updates (example CPU vulnerability and immediate patching).“

My Answers to Questions to support

Q1) What’s the difference between backups and snapshots (a Twitter user said Snapshots were a thing)

A1) Backups and snapshots are the same things with our infrastructure.

Q2) What are charges for backup of a 50GB drive?

A2) We charge $0.06 / GB of the disk being captured. But capture the whole disk, not just what was used. So for a 50GB drive, we charge $0.06 * 50 = $3/month. Even if 1GB were only used.

  • Support confirmed that each backup is charged (so 5 times manual backups are charged 5 times). Setting up a daily auto backup schedule for 2 weeks would create 14 billable backup charges.
  • I guess a 25GB server will be $1.50 a month

Q3) What are data charges if I go over my 2TB quota?

A3) Outgoing data charges are $0.056/GB after the pre-configured allowance.

Q4) What happens if my balance hits $0?

A4) You will get notification of low account balance 2 weeks in advance based on your current daily spend. When your balance reaches zero, your servers will be shut down. But they will still be charged for. You can automatically top-up if you want to assign a payment type from your Control Panel. You deposit into your balance when you want. We use a prepay model of payment, so you need to top up before using, not billing you after usage. We give you lots of chances to top-up.

Support Tips

  • One thing to note, when deleting servers (CPU, RAM) instances, you get the option to delete the storages separately via a pop-up window. Choose to delete permanently to delete the disk, to save credit. Any disk storage lying around even unattached to servers will be billed.
  • Charges are in USD.

I think it’s time to delete my domain from Vultr in Sydney.

Deleted my Vultr domain

I deleted my Vultr domain.

Delete Vultr Server

Done.

More Reading on UpCloud

https://www.upcloud.com/documentation/faq/

UpCloud Server Status

http://status.upcloud.com

Check out my new guide on Nixstats for awesome monitoring

What I would like

  1. Ability to name individual manual backups (tag with why I backed up).
  2. Ability to push user defined data from my VM to the dashboard
  3. Cheaper scheduled backups
  4. Sydney data centres (one day)

Advertisement:



Update: Post UpCloud Launch Tweaks (Awesome)

I had a look at https://www.webpagetest.org/ results to see where else I can optimise webpage delivery.

Optimisation Options

Disable dasjhicons.min.css (for unauthenticated WordPress users).

Find functions.php in the www root

Edit functions.php

Add the following

// Remove dashicons in frontend for unauthenticated users
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'bs_dequeue_dashicons' );
function bs_dequeue_dashicons() {
    if ( ! is_user_logged_in() ) {
        wp_deregister_style( 'dashicons' );
    }
}

HTTP2 Push

I added http2 to my listening servers

I tested a http2 push page by defining this in /etc/nginx/sites-available/default 

Once I tested that push (demo here) was working I then defined two files to push that were being sent from my server

I used the WordPress Plugin Autoptimize to remove Google font usage (this removed a number of files being loaded when my page loads).

I used the WordPress Plugin WP-Optimize plugin into to remove comments and disable pingbacks and trackbacks.

WordPress wp-config.php tweaks

Add 2FA Authentication to server logins.

I recently checked out YubiCo YubiKeys and I have secured my Linux servers with 2FA prompts at login. Read the guide here. I secured my WordPress too.

Tweaks Todo

  • Compress placeholder BJ Lazy Load Image (plugin is broken)
  • Solve 2x Google Analytics tracker redirects (done, switched to Matomo)

Conclusion

I love UpCloud’s fast servers, give them a go (use my link and get $25 free credit).

I love Cloudflare for providing a fast CDN.

I love ewww.io’s automatic Image Compression and Resizing plugin that automatically handles image optimisations and pre Cloudflare/first hit CDN caching.

Read my post about server monitoring with Nixstats here.

Let the results speak for themselves (sub <1 second load times).

Results

I hope this guide helps someone.

Please consider using my referral code and get $25 credit for free.

https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793

Ask a question or recommend an article

[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]

Revision History

v2.1 Newer GTMetrix scores

v2.0 New UpCloud UI Update and links to new guides.

v1.9 Spelling and grammar

v1.8 Trial mode gotcha (deposit money ASAP)

v1.7 Added RSA Private key info

v1.7 – Added new firewall rules info.

v1.6 – Added more bloat to the site, still good.

v1.5 Improving Accessibility

v1.4 Added Firewall Price

v1.3 Added wp-config and plugin usage descriptions.

v1.2 Added GTMetrix historical chart.

v1.1 Fixed free typos and added final conclusion images.

v1.0 Added final results

v0.9 added more tweaks (http2 push, removing unwanted files etc)

v0.81 Draft  – Added memory usage chart and added MaxIOPS info from UpCloud.

v0.8 Draft post.

I set the cronjob to run every 15 mins, I added this to my cronjob.

Sample log output
I will check the log (/scripts/clearcache.log) in a few days and view the memory trends.
After 1/2 a day Ubuntu 18.04 is handling memory just fine, no externally triggered cache clears have happened 🙂
Free memory over time
I used https://crontab.guru/every-hour to set the right schedule in crontab.
I rebooted the VM.
Update: I now use Nixstats monitoring
Swap File
FYI: Here is a handy guide on viewing swap file usage here. I’m not using swap files so it is only an aside.
After the system rebooted I checked if the swappiness setting was active.
Yes, swappiness is set.
File System Tweaks – Write Back Cache (set at your own risk)
First, check your disk name and file system
Take note of your disk name (e.g vda1)
I used TuneFS to enable writing data to the disk before writing to the journal. tunefs is a great tool for setting file system parameters.
Warning (snip from here): “I set the mode to journal_data_writeback. This basically means that data may be written to the disk before the journal. The data consistency guarantees are the same as the ext3 file system. The downside is that if your system crashes before the journal gets written then you may loose new data — the old data may magically reappear.”
Warning this can corrupt your data. More information here.
I ran this command.
I edited my fstab to append the “writeback,noatime,nodiratime” flags for my volume after a reboot.
Edit FS Tab:
I added “writeback,noatime,nodiratime” flags to my disk options.
Updating Ubuntu Packages
Show updatable packages.
Update Packages.
Unattended Security Updates
Read more on Ubuntu 18.04 Unattended upgrades here, here and here.
Install Unattended Upgrades
Enable Unattended Upgrades.
Now I configure what packages not to auto update.
Edit /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades
Find “Unattended-Upgrade::Package-Blacklist” and add packages that you don’t want automatically updated, you may want to manually update these (and monitor updates).
I prefer not to auto-update critical system apps (I will do this myself).
FYI: You can find installed packages by running this command:
Enable automatic updates by editing /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades
Edit the number at the end (the number is how many days to wait before updating) of each line.
> APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists “1”;
 > APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages “1”;
 > APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval “7”;
 > APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade “1”;
Set to “0” to disable automatic updates.
The results of unattended-upgrades will be logged to /var/log/unattended-upgrades
Update packages now.
Almost done.
I Rebooted
Advertisement:

 
 
GT Metrix Score
I almost fell off my chair. It’s an amazing feeling hitting refresh in GT Metrix and getting sub-2-second score consistently (and that is with 17 assets loading and 361KB of HTML content)
0.9sec load times
WebPageTest.org Test Score
Nice. I am not sure why the effective use of CDN has an X rating as I have the EWWW CDN and Cloudflare. First Byte time is now a respectable “B”, This was always bad.
Update: I found out the longer you set cache delays in Cloudflare the higher the score.
Web Page Test
GT Metrix has a nice historical breakdown of load times (night and day).
Upcloud Site Speed in GTMetrix
Google Page Speed Insight Desktop Score
I benchmarked with https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/
This will help with future SEO rankings. It is well known that Google is pushing fast servers.
100% Desktop page speed score
Google Chrome 70 Dev Console Audit (Desktop)
100% Chrome Audit Score
This is amazing, I never expected to get this high score.  I know Google like (and are pushing) sub-1-second scores.
My site is loading so well it is time I restored some old features that were too slow on other servers
  • I disabled Lazy loading of images (this was not working on some Android devices)
  • I re-added the News Widget and news images.
GTMetrix and WebpageTest sores are still good (even after adding bloat)
Benchmarks are still good
My WordPress site is not really that small either
Large website
FYI: WordPress Plugins I use.
These are the plugins I use.
How I use these plugins to speed up my site.
  • I use EWWW Image Optimizer plugin to auto-compress my images and to provide a CDN for media asset deliver (pre-Cloudflare). Learn more about ExactDN and EWWW.io here.
  • I use Autoptimize plugin to optimise HTML/CSS/JS and ensure select assets are on my EWWW CDN. This plugin also removes WordPress Emojis, removed the use of Google Fonts, allows you to define pre-configured domains, Async Javascript-files etc.
  • I use BJ Lazy Load to prevent all images in a post from loading on load (and only as the user scrolls down the page).
  • GTmetrix for WordPress and Cloudflare plugins are for information only?
  • I use WP-Optimize to ensure my database is healthy and to disable comments/trackbacks and pingbacks.
Let’s Test UpCloud’s Disk IO in Chicago
Looks good to me, Read IO is a little bit lower than UpCloud’s Singapore data centre but still, it’s faster than Vultr.  I can’t wait for more data centres to become available around the world.
Why is UpCloud Disk IO so good?
I asked UpCloud on Twitter why the Disk IO was so good.
  • “MaxIOPS is UpCloud’s proprietary block-storage technology. MaxIOPS is physically redundant storage technology where all customer’s data is located in two separate physical devices at all times. UpCloud uses InfiniBand (!) network to connect storage backends to compute nodes, where customers’ cloud servers are running. All disks are enterprise-grade SSD’s. And using separate storage backends, it allows us to live migrate our customers’ cloud servers freely inside our infrastructure between compute nodes – whether it be due to hardware malfunction (compute node) or backend software updates (example CPU vulnerability and immediate patching).“
My Answers to Questions to support
Q1) What’s the difference between backups and snapshots (a Twitter user said Snapshots were a thing)
A1) Backups and snapshots are the same things with our infrastructure.
Q2) What are charges for backup of a 50GB drive?
A2) We charge $0.06 / GB of the disk being captured. But capture the whole disk, not just what was used. So for a 50GB drive, we charge $0.06 * 50 = $3/month. Even if 1GB were only used.
  • Support confirmed that each backup is charged (so 5 times manual backups are charged 5 times). Setting up a daily auto backup schedule for 2 weeks would create 14 billable backup charges.
  • I guess a 25GB server will be $1.50 a month
Q3) What are data charges if I go over my 2TB quota?
A3) Outgoing data charges are $0.056/GB after the pre-configured allowance.
Q4) What happens if my balance hits $0?
A4) You will get notification of low account balance 2 weeks in advance based on your current daily spend. When your balance reaches zero, your servers will be shut down. But they will still be charged for. You can automatically top-up if you want to assign a payment type from your Control Panel. You deposit into your balance when you want. We use a prepay model of payment, so you need to top up before using, not billing you after usage. We give you lots of chances to top-up.
Support Tips
  • One thing to note, when deleting servers (CPU, RAM) instances, you get the option to delete the storages separately via a pop-up window. Choose to delete permanently to delete the disk, to save credit. Any disk storage lying around even unattached to servers will be billed.
  • Charges are in USD.
I think it’s time to delete my domain from Vultr in Sydney.
Deleted my Vultr domain
I deleted my Vultr domain.
Delete Vultr Server
Done.
More Reading on UpCloud
https://www.upcloud.com/documentation/faq/
UpCloud Server Status
http://status.upcloud.com
Check out my new guide on Nixstats for awesome monitoring
What I would like
  1. Ability to name individual manual backups (tag with why I backed up).
  2. Ability to push user defined data from my VM to the dashboard
  3. Cheaper scheduled backups
  4. Sydney data centres (one day)
Advertisement:

 
 
Update: Post UpCloud Launch Tweaks (Awesome)
I had a look at https://www.webpagetest.org/ results to see where else I can optimise webpage delivery.
Optimisation Options
Disable dasjhicons.min.css (for unauthenticated WordPress users).
Find functions.php in the www root
Edit functions.php
Add the following
HTTP2 Push
I added http2 to my listening servers
I tested a http2 push page by defining this in /etc/nginx/sites-available/default 
Once I tested that push (demo here) was working I then defined two files to push that were being sent from my server
I used the WordPress Plugin Autoptimize to remove Google font usage (this removed a number of files being loaded when my page loads).
I used the WordPress Plugin WP-Optimize plugin into to remove comments and disable pingbacks and trackbacks.
WordPress wp-config.php tweaks
Add 2FA Authentication to server logins.
I recently checked out YubiCo YubiKeys and I have secured my Linux servers with 2FA prompts at login. Read the guide here. I secured my WordPress too.
Tweaks Todo
  • Compress placeholder BJ Lazy Load Image (plugin is broken)
  • Solve 2x Google Analytics tracker redirects (done, switched to Matomo)
Conclusion
I love UpCloud’s fast servers, give them a go (use my link and get $25 free credit).
I love Cloudflare for providing a fast CDN.
I love ewww.io’s automatic Image Compression and Resizing plugin that automatically handles image optimisations and pre Cloudflare/first hit CDN caching.
Read my post about server monitoring with Nixstats here.
Let the results speak for themselves (sub <1 second load times).
Results
I hope this guide helps someone.
Please consider using my referral code and get $25 credit for free.
https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793
Ask a question or recommend an article
 [contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Revision History
v2.1 Newer GTMetrix scores
v2.0 New UpCloud UI Update and links to new guides.
v1.9 Spelling and grammar
v1.8 Trial mode gotcha (deposit money ASAP)
v1.7 Added RSA Private key info
v1.7 – Added new firewall rules info.
v1.6 – Added more bloat to the site, still good.
v1.5 Improving Accessibility
v1.4 Added Firewall Price
v1.3 Added wp-config and plugin usage descriptions.
v1.2 Added GTMetrix historical chart.
v1.1 Fixed free typos and added final conclusion images.
v1.0 Added final results
v0.9 added more tweaks (http2 push, removing unwanted files etc)
v0.81 Draft  – Added memory usage chart and added MaxIOPS info from UpCloud.
v0.8 Draft post.
Setup a Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) DNS record(s) to prevent https cert issue/misuse
 by 
On February 22nd 2017 CAA’s that issue https certificates are required to check what CAA’s are allowed to issue HTTP’s certificates for a website.  To limit who can create HTTP’s certificates for your site all you need to do is specify a number of DNS records.
Advertisement:

 
 
DNSSEC
Before adding DNS CAA records ensure you have enabled DNSSEC for extra security, this is not needed to setup CAA records but it’s a good idea.
DNSSEC Explained
 
Read my post here on setting up DNSSEC with Cloudflare here.
Namecheap allows you do set DNSSEC with 1 click (making the above guide not required unless you use Cloudflare).
One Click Enable DNS SEC
Testing DNSSEC
First, test DNSSEC on your website here: https://dnssec-analyzer.verisignlabs.com/ (I already have DNSSEC enabled)
I use Namecheap for buying domains and HTTP’s certs (you can buy a new domain here). Namecheap allow you to easily enable DNSSEC and CAA DNS records.
Read Namecheap’s CAA guide here.
Scott Helme tagged a great write up on CAA here.
  
Advertisement:

 
 
Testing CAA (on your website)
Go to https://dev.ssllabs.com/ssltest/ and scan your website
https://dev.ssllabs.com screenshot showing a domain input box
You will see if CAA is enabled after the https test is complete (scroll past the rating)
https://dev.ssllabs.com scan showing A+
In my case CAA records were not detected.
Adding DNS CAA records at Namecheap
I logged into Namecheap, clicked Manage domain and clicked the Advanced DNS tab
Screenshot showing Namecheap Advanced DNS screen.
Advertisement:

 
 
I click Add New Record (DNS), then I selected CAA
Screenshot of add NDS CAA record at Namecheap
Here are records for my main domain (allowing Comodo/Sectigo HTTP’s certificates only)
Type, Host, Value, TTL

CAA Record @ 0 issue "comodoca.com" Automatic
CAA Record @ 0 issue "comodo.com" Automatic
CAA Record @ 0 issue "usertrust.com" Automatic
CAA Record @ 0 issue "trust-provider.com" Automatic
CAA Record @ 0 issue "sectigo.com" Automatic
Here is my record allowing a sub domain (allowing Lets Encrypt HTTP’s certificates only)
Type, Host, Value, TTL

CAA Record audit.fearby.com 0 issue "letsencrypt.org" Automatic
It is also possible to setup email alerts of CAA violations where CAA’s support it. I setup a [email protected] email alias.
Type, Host, Value, TTL

CAA Record audit.fearby.com 0 iodef "mailto:[email protected]" Automatic
CAA [email protected] 0 iodef "mailto:[email protected]" Automatic
Image of my final Namecheap DNS config.
Screenshot os Namecheap DNS entries (table below)
Advertisement:

 
 
Test CAA Records
I visited https://dev.ssllabs.com/ssltest/ and performed a final scan.
CNS CAA Final scan now passes at dev.ssllabs.com
Pass 🙂
I do have real time remote server monitoring reporting on https presence and uptime, read the post here.
Nixstats graphs
Plug(s)
Warning
I had an issue where I failed to update my DNS (and define a CAA record) for the sub domain used for Nixstat reporting. I was receiving this error.
Connection not private warning.
dev.ssllabs.com was reporting the cert expired?
dev.ssllabs.com ssl report
The awesome chat support (Vincent) over at Nixstats found out it was because I did not have CAA record for the sub domain allowing “letsencrypt.org” to generate certs.
Created CAA record for status.feabry.com (CAA 0 issue "letsencrypt.org"
If you manually renew a Lets Encrypt cert with the following command  without a CAA record you will see an error
> certbot -q renew
Error Output
Attempting to renew cert (subdomain.fearby.com) from /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/ 
subdomain.fearby.com.conf produced an unexpected error: Failed authorization procedure. 
subdomain.fearby.com (http-01): urn:acme:error:caa :: CAA record for 
subdomain.fearby.com prevents issuance. Skipping.
 All renewal attempts failed.
DNS additions and changes take a while to propagate so monitor Whats My DNS for change status
https://www.whatsmydns.net/#CAA/status.fearby.com
Thanks for reading.
For simplicity I have removed all sub domain CAA settings for records and only set global ones
Revision History
v1.2 Troubleshooting
v1.1 Plugs
v1.0 initial Post
Setting up DNSSEC on a Namecheap domain hosted on UpCloud using CloudFlare
 by 
This is how I setup DNSSEC on a Namecheap domain hosted on UpCloud using CloudFlare to setup DNS security extensions
Advertisement:

 
 
If you have not read my previous posts I have now moved my blog to the awesome UpCloud host (signup using this link to get $25 free UpCloud VM credit). I compared Digital Ocean, Vultr and UpCloud Disk IO here and UpCloud came out on top by a long way (read the blog post here). Here is my blog post on moving from Vultr to UpCloud.
About DNSSEC
Wikipedia has a great write-up on DNSSEC also read the ICANN page on DNSSEC.
Snip “DNSSEC is a set of extensions to DNS which provide to DNS clients (resolvers) origin authentication of DNS data, authenticated denial of existence, and data integrity, but not availability or confidentiality.”
https://daniellbenway.net has a great video explaining DNSSEC
Handy DNSSEC Links
Let’s view my DNSSEC status now
https://dnssec-analyzer.verisignlabs.com/ can help you check your sites DNSSEC status.
DNSSEC Analyzer - https://dnssec-analyzer.verisignlabs.com/
Prerequisites
This guide assumes you have already purchased a domain and set it up with say UpCloud hosting (read my setup guide here).
Buy a domain name from Namecheap here.
Domain names for just 88 cents!
Read my old guide here that I created while setting up Cloudflare on the Vultr host to see how to setup Cloudflare.
Setting up DNSSEC
First I logged into My Namecheap account, selected my domain, selected Advanced DNS and enabled DNSSEC.
Screenshot of Namecheap Advanced DNS page
I can see a number of values for DNSSEC KeyType/Algorithm/Digest Type and Digest. Below are the options in the dropdowns for Algorithm and Digest Type.
DNSSEC Algorithms
DNSSEC Algorithms (RSA, MD5 etc)
DNSSEC Digest Types
DNSSEC Digest Types (SHA etc)
I contacted NameCheap support and they said I needed to contact my UpCloud hosts to get relevant DNSSEC values.
My domain was purchased at NameCheap but by domain routers by Cloudflare DNS.
Namecheap DNS Nameservers pointing to cloudflare
Advertisement:

 
 
By chance, I logged into my Cloudflare account and noticed they have a DNSSEC section under DNS. Nice.
Screenshot of Cloudflare menu, DNS highlighted.
I enabled DNSSEC
Enable Cloudflare DNSSEC records
Cloudflare offers all the relevant DNSSEC values.
Screenshot of Cloudflare DNSSEC generated Values
I entered these values into Namecheap under Advanced DNS on my domain.
Screenshot fo adding a DNS record at Namecheap
After 5 mins re-ran the DNSSEC Analyzr tool.
Screenshot of http://dnssec-debugger.verisignlabs.com/ Results
Hmmm, Cloudflare seem to think something is wrong 🙁
Screenshot of Cloudflare saying DNSSEC is not configured
I ran a DNS DS Lookup on my site. Everything appears ok.
Screenshot of https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx?action=mx
I re-added the record in Namecheap and waited for 15 mins and this time Cloudflare was happy. Maybe I just needed to wait for DNS replication a little longer?
Screenshot of cloudflare showing DNSSEC is all ok.
I tested my DNS serves with DNS Root Canary
DNS test with https://rootcanary.org/
I tested my site’s DNSSEC with https://zonemaster.iis.se/
Screenshot of https://zonemaster.iis.se/
Done
Skipping Cloudflare 
I found that I can simply skip cloudflare by enabling Premium DNS at Namecheap
Then enabling DNSSEC
Easy (totally independant of Cloudflare)
I hope this guide helps someone.
Advertisement:

 
 
Please consider using my referral code and get $25 UpCloud VM credit for free.
https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793
Ask a question or recommend an article
[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Revision History
V1.3 Namecheap DNSSEC
V1.2 ICANN DNSSEC link
V1.1 https://daniellbenway.net explainer video.
v1.0 Initial Post
Securing Google G Suite email by setting up SPF, DKIM and DMARC with Cloudflare
 by 
This post will show you how you can setup Sender Policy Framework (SPF), DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures and Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) on your GMail (G Suite) email to limit spam and increase security.
Advertisement:

 
 
I have a number of guides on moving away form CPanel, Setting up VM’s on AWS, Vultr or Digital Ocean along with installing and managing WordPress from the command line. I use Google G Suite to send and receive emails that are linked to my domain (even via the command line) using multiple domains (with aliases).
For the best performing VM host (UpCloud) read my guide on the awesome UpCloud VM hosts (get $25 free credit by signing up here).
Buy a domain name from Namecheap here.
Domain names for just 88 cents!
Buy how can you extend your email security and limit spam?
Enter..
Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for Authorizing Use of Domains in Email
Background: SPF summary from the RFC document from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
“Email on the Internet can be forged in a number of ways. In particular, existing protocols place no restriction on what a sending host can use as the “MAIL FROM” of a message or the domain given on the SMTP HELO/EHLO commands. This document describes version 1 of the Sender Policy Framework (SPF) protocol, whereby ADministrative Management Domains (ADMDs) can explicitly authorize the hosts that are allowed to use their domain names, and a receiving host can check such authorization.”
Google has a guide in setting up SPF records for your G Suite account.
Scan your site for SPF, DKIM and DMARC configuration(s).
Gmail has a test site where you can check your site SPF, DKIM and DMARC etc: https://toolbox.googleapps.com/apps/checkmx/
Secure GSuite
How to set up an SPF Record
I followed this guide to set up an SPF record on my G Suite account. I use Cloudflare for my DNS provider so I’ll make my DNS changes there.
Add SPF Record
Update: Google instructions were wrong, use a TXT record and not a SPF record. 
Read more on SPF at Wikipedia here.
DNS will take a while to replicate so do wait a few hours before checking again with the checkmx tool.
Now let’s set up DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures
Read more on DKIM at Wikipedia here.
Background: The DKIM RFC form the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) states…
“DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) permits a person, role, or organization that owns the signing domain to claim some responsibility for a message by associating the domain with the message. This can be an author’s organization, an operational relay, or one of their agents. DKIM separates the question of the identity of the Signer of the message from the purported author of the message. Assertion of responsibility is validated through a cryptographic signature and by querying the Signer’s domain directly to retrieve the appropriate public key. Message transit from author to recipient is through relays that typically make no substantive change to the message content and thus preserve the DKIM signature.”
Google has a DKIM FAQ: https://support.google.com/a/answer/174124
Login to your G Suite account and load this FAQ.
The FAQ page states..
“You can help prevent spoofing by adding a digital signature to outgoing message headers using the DKIM standard. This involves using a private domain key to encrypt your domain’s outgoing mail headers, and adding a public version of the key to the domain’s DNS records. Recipient servers can then retrieve the public key to decrypt incoming headers and verify that the message really comes from your domain and hasn’t been changed along the way.”
Click Generate the Domain Key
Generate Domain Key
Follow the steps and generate a key
Generate Key
Generate a new record
Generate key
Add the DKIM key to your DNS record
Add DNS record
DNS will take a while to replicate so do wait a few hours before checking again with the checkmx tool.
Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC)
Read more on DMARC at Wikipedia here. Read the official page here https://dmarc.org/.
Background: The DMARC RFC form the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) states…
DMARC Flow
DMARC Flow
“Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) is a scalable mechanism by which a mail-originating organization can express domain-level policies and preferences for message validation, disposition, and reporting, that a mail-receiving organization can use to improve mail handling.
Originators of Internet Mail need to be able to associate reliable and authenticated domain identifiers with messages, communicate policies about messages that use those identifiers, and report about mail using those identifiers. These abilities have several benefits: Receivers can provide feedback to Domain Owners about the use of their domains; this feedback can provide valuable insight about the management of internal operations and the presence of external domain name abuse.
DMARC does not produce or encourage elevated delivery privilege of authenticated email. DMARC is a mechanism for policy distribution that enables increasingly strict handling of messages that fail authentication checks, ranging from no action, through altered delivery, up to message rejection.”
Google G Suite has a guide to setting up a DMARC record here
Snip from the Google guide here..
“Spammers can sometimes forge the “From” address on email messages so the spam appears to come from a user in your domain. To help prevent this sort of abuse, Google is participating in DMARC.org, which gives domain owners more control over what Gmail does with spam email messages from their domain.
G Suite follows the DMARC.org standard and allows you to decide how Gmail treats unauthenticated emails coming from your domain. Domain owners can publish a policy telling Gmail and other participating email providers how to handle unauthenticated messages sent from their domain. By defining a policy, you can help combat phishing to protect users and your reputation.“
Login to your G Suite account and load this FAQ
Click Add A DMARC Record
Add DMARC
You will then need to set up a DKIM Domain Key (if you have not done so yet)
When you are done you need to choose your DMARC rules, I would suggest you go to https://mxtoolbox.com/DMARCRecordGenerator.aspx to generate a record
I generated these rules
Dmarc Rules
Warning: Setting a DMARC policy that is too strict may block mail from being delivered. Tighten rules over time.
Login to your DNS provider and add your TXT record.
DMARC Record
You should now have an SPF, DKIM and DMARC record in DNS.
DNS
Update: The SPD record above should be a TXT (Google led me astray)
DNS will take a while to replicate so do wait a few hours before checking again with the checkmx tool.
Now go to bed and wait for DNS to replicate.
Troubleshooting SPF
My TXT record would not validate with https://toolbox.googleapps.com/apps/checkmx/check
Google Toolbox
The MX Toolbox SPF checker reports that SPF records are deprecated and to use TXT records instead.
SPF TXT Record
Fix (remove the SPF record and add a TXT record with the same contents). Don’t forget to delete the old SPF record.
TXT Record
Results
SPF Setup
Reports
SPF/DKIM reports will let me know when unauthorized people send email from my domain.
This is a spf/dkim authentication-failure report for an email message received from IP 125.105.176.155 on Sat, 14 Apr 2018 13:14:09 +0800.
Below is some detail information about this message:
 1. SPF-authenticated Identifiers: none;
 2. DKIM-authenticated Identifiers: none;
 3. DMARC Mechanism Check Result: Identifier non-aligned, DMARC mechanism check failures;

For more information please check Aggregate Reports or mail to [email protected]



Feedback-Type: auth-failure
User-Agent: NtesDmarcReporter/1.0
Version: 1
Original-Mail-From: <[email protected]>
Arrival-Date: Sat, 14 Apr 2018 13:14:09 +0800
Source-IP: 125.105.176.155
Reported-Domain: fearby.com
Original-Envelope-Id: VcCowECJ7EIejtFanCHFLg--.51187S2
Authentication-Results: 163.com; dkim=none; spf=softfail [email protected]
Delivery-Result: delivered
Identity-Alignment: none



Received: from mitai (unknown [208.136.26.72])
	by fearby.com with SMTP id LyDKBHx6xsr7XZkf.1
	for <[email protected]>; Sat, 14 Apr 2018 13:14:03 +0800
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
From: =?utf-8?B?5rip5a6D?= <[email protected]>
To: <[email protected]>
Subject: =?utf-8?B?UmXvvJrlm57lpI3vvJrovazlj5HvvJrml7bpl7Q05pyIMjAtMjHml6XkuIo=?=
	=?utf-8?B?5rW3IOWcsOeCuSDnvo7oh6PljJblpoblk4Hlhazlj7jln7norq3ln7rlnLA=?=
Date: Sat, 14 Apr 2018 13:13:56 +0800
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
	boundary="----=_NextPart_000_08FE_016CD6FE.1A359D20"
X-mailer: Bagf 2

Also, DMARC will alert me to unauthorized activity
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<feedback>
  <report_metadata>
    <org_name>google.com</org_name>
    <email>[email protected]</email>
    <extra_contact_info>https://support.google.com/a/answer/2466580</extra_contact_info>
    <report_id>4329490063964523747</report_id>
    <date_range>
      <begin>1523750400</begin>
      <end>1523836799</end>
    </date_range>
  </report_metadata>
  <policy_published>
    <domain>fearby.com</domain>
    <adkim>r</adkim>
    <aspf>r</aspf>
    <p>quarantine</p>
    <sp>none</sp>
    <pct>5</pct>
  </policy_published>
  <record>
    <row>
      <source_ip>2001:19f0:5801:5fa:5400:ff:fe80:ec7a</source_ip>
      <count>2</count>
      <policy_evaluated>
        <disposition>none</disposition>
        <dkim>fail</dkim>
        <spf>fail</spf>
        <reason>
          <type>sampled_out</type>
          <comment></comment>
        </reason>
      </policy_evaluated>
    </row>
    <identifiers>
      <header_from>fearby.com</header_from>
    </identifiers>
    <auth_results>
      <spf>
        <domain>unknown</domain>
        <result>none</result>
      </spf>
    </auth_results>
  </record>
</feedback>

 
I hope this guide helps someone.
Ask a question or recommend an article
[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Revision History
v1.4 Reports
v1.3 DMARC Flow image
V1.2 Updated wording
V1.1 Fixed typos (they were free)
v1.0 Initial post
Using Cloudflare DNS servers to speed up the internet and add privacy on OSX
 by 
Below is how I setup my OSX to use Cloudflare’s new DNS servers to speed up internet browsing and add privacy on OSX
Advertisement:

 
 
Cloudflare has launched a DNS service: https://blog.cloudflare.com/announcing-1111/
DNS Performance
You can view worldwide DNS performance by viewing https://www.dnsperf.com/#!dns-providers
DNS Performance
I check the DNS at my router, I am using ISP provided DNS servers.
Review DNS
Cloudflare DNS
On April Fools 2018 Cloudflare Released a DNS server service.
Snip from here: “DNS: Internet’s Directory Nearly everything on the Internet starts with a DNS request. DNS is the Internet’s directory. Click on a link, open an app, send an email and the first thing your device does is ask the directory: Where can I find this? Unfortunately, by default, DNS is usually slow and insecure. Your ISP, and anyone else listening in on the Internet, can see every site you visit and every app you use — even if their content is encrypted. Creepily, some DNS providers sell data about your Internet activity or use it target you with ads.”
https://1.1.1.1/
Set Cloudflare Nameservers using OSX
Open the Apple System Preferences, click Network, click on your Network (Wifi or ethernet), Click Advanced then DNS and add 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1
Alternatively, you can manually set your DNS servers in OSX by editing the /etc/resolv.conf, by default SX will inherit DNS settings from our router.
Troubleshooting: Clear DNS Cache
Debug DNS Data
Confirm Cloudflare DNS from the OSX Comand line
Privacy
I am not sure if Cloudflare is any more private than using ISP DNS but I’ll happily use it.
Speed
I can’t tell if DNS is faster, I did ping my ISP DNS before switching and it was about the same (sub 25ms), time will tell.
Conclusion
I have used https://www.opendns.com/ before and loved the dashboards, I hope Cloudflare add dashboard options too.
I hope this guide helps someone.
Ask a question or recommend an article
[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Revision History
v1.0 Initial post
Using OWASP ZAP GUI to scan your Applications for security issues
 by 
OWASP is a non-profit that lists the Top Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks, they also have a GUI Java tool called OWASP Zap that you can use to check your apps for security issue.
Advertisement:

 
 
I have a number of guides on moving hosting away form CPanel , Setting up VM’s on AWS, Vultr or Digital Ocean along with installing and managing WordPress from the command line. It is important that you always update your site and software and test your sites and software for vulnerabilities. Zap is free and completely open source.
Disclaimer, I am not an expert (this Zap post and my past Kali Linux guide will be updated as I learn more).
OWASP Top 10
OWASP has a top 10 list of things to review.
OWASP Top 10
Download the OWASP 10 10 Application security risks PDF here form here.
Using the free OWASP Zap Tool
Snip from https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Zed_Attack_Proxy_Project
“The OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) is one of the world’s most popular free security tools and is actively maintained by hundreds of international volunteers*. It can help you automatically find security vulnerabilities in your web applications while you are developing and testing your applications. It’s also a great tool for experienced pentesters to use for manual security testing.”
Zap Overview
Here is a quick demo of Zap in action.
Do check out the official Zap videos on youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/OWASPGLOBAL/videos if you want to learn more.
Installing Zap
Download Zap from here.
Download Zap
Download Options
Download
Download contents
Run Install
Copy to the app to the OSX Application folder
Installing
App Installed
App Insatalled
Open OSX’s Privacy and Security screen and click Open Anyway
Open Anwway
OWASP Zap is now Installed
Insallled
Ready for a Scan
Blind Scan
But before we do let’s check out the Options
Options
OWASP Zap allows you to label reports to ad from anyone you want.
Report Label Options
Now let’s update the program and plugins, Click Manage Add-ons
Manage Adons
Click Update All to Update addons
Updates
I clicked Update All
Plugins
Installed some plugins
Marketplace
Zap is Ready
Zap
Add a site and right click on the site and you can perform an active scan or port scan.
Right click Zap
First Scan (https failed)
https failed
I enabled unsafe SSL/TLS Renegotiation.
Allow Unsafe HTTPS
This did not work and this guide said I needed to install the “Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files” from here.
Cryptography Files OSX
The extract files to /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/%your_jdk%/Contents/Home/jre/lib/security
Extract
I restarted OWASP Zap and tried to scan my site buy it appears Cloudflare (that I recently set up) was blocking my scans and reported error 403. I decided to scan another site of mine that was not on Cloudflare but had the same Lets Encrypt style SSL cert.
fyi: I own and set up the site I queried below.
Zap Results
OWASP Zap scan performed over 800 requests and tried traversal exploits and many other checks. Do repair any major failures you find.
Zan Scan
Generating a Report
To generate a report click Report then the appropriate generation menu of choice.
Generate Report
FYI: The High Priority Alert is a false positive with an HTML item being mistaken for a CC number.
I hope this guide helps someone. Happy software/server hardening and good luck.
More Reading
Check out my Kali Linux guide.
Ask a question or recommend an article
[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Revision History
V1.3 fixed hasting typo.
v1.2 False Positive
v1.1 updated main features
v1.0 Initial post
Setting up a website to use Cloudflare on a VM hosted on Vultr and Namecheap
 by 
This guide will show how you can set up a website to use Cloudflare on a VM hosted on Vultr and Namecheap
Advertisement:

 
 
I have a number of guides on moving hasting away form CPanel, Setting up VM’s on AWS, Vultr or Digital Ocean along with installing and managing WordPress from the command line. This post will show how to let Cloudflare handle the DNS for the domain.
Update 2018: For the best performing VM host (UpCloud) read my guide on the awesome UpCloud VM hosts (get $25 free credit by signing up here).
Snip from here “Cloudflare’s enterprise-class web application firewall (WAF) protects your Internet property from common vulnerabilities like SQL injection attacks, cross-site scripting, and cross-site forgery requests with no changes to your existing infrastructure.”
Buy a Domain 
Buy a domain name from Namecheap here.
Domain names for just 88 cents!
Cloudflare Benefits (Free Plan)
  • DDoS Attack Protection (Huge network to absorb attacks DDoS attacks over 600Gbps are no problem for our 15 Tbps networks)
  • Global CDN
  • Shared SSL certificate (I disabled this and opted to use my own)
  • Access to audit logs
  • 3 page rules (maximum)
View paid plan options here.
Cloudflare CDN map
Cloudflare CDN says it can load assets up to 2x faster, 60% less bandwidth from your servers by delivering assets from 127 data centres.
Cloudflare Global Network
Setup
You will need to sign up at cloudflare.com
Cloudflare
After you create an account you will be prompted to add a siteAdd SiteCloudflare will pull your public DNS records to import.
Query DNS
You will be prompted to select a plan (I selected free)
Plan Select
Verify DNS settings to import.
DNS Import
You will now be asked to change your DNS nameservers with your domain reseller
DNS Nameservers
TIP: If you have an SSL cert (e.g Lets Encrypt) already setup head to the crypto section and select ” Full (Strict)” to prevent ERR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS errors.
Strict SSL
Cloudflare UI
I asked Twitter if they could kindly load my site so I could see if Cloudflare dashboard/stats were loading.
The Cloudflare CTO responded.  🙂
Confirm Cloudflare link to a domain from the OSX Comand line
Caching Rule
I set up the following caching rule to cache everything for 8 hours instead of WordPress pages
Page Rules
“fearby.com.com/wp-*” Cache level: Bypass
“fearby.com.com/wp-admin/post.php*” Cache level: Bypass
“fearby.com/*” Cache Everything, Edge Cache TTL: 8 Hours
Cache Results
Cache appears to be sitting at 50% after 12 hours.  having cache os dynamic pages out there is ok unless I need to fix a typo, then I need to login to Cloudflare and clear the cache manually (or wait 8 hours)
Performance after a few hours
DNS times in gtmetrix have now fallen to a sub 200ms (Y Slow is now a respectable A, it was a C before).  I just need to wait for caching and minification to kick in.
DNS Improved
webpagetest.org results are awesome
See here: https://www.webpagetest.org/result/180314_PB_7660dfbe65d56b94a60d7a604ca250b3/
  • Load Time: 1.80s
  • First Byte 0.176s
  • Start Render 1.200s
webpagetest
Google Page Speed Insights Report
Mobile: 78/100
Desktop: 87/100
Check with https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/
Update 24th March 2018 Attacked?
I noticed a spike in and traffic (incoming and threats) on the 24th of March 2018.
I logged into Cloudflare on my mobile device and turned on Under Attack Mode.
Under Attack Flow
Cloudflare was now adding a delay screen in the middle of my initial page load. Read more here.  A few hours after the Attach started it was over.
After the Attack
I looked at the bandwidth and found no increase in traffic from my initial host VM. Nice.
cloudflare-attack-001
Thanks, Cloudflare.
Cloudflare Pros
  • Enabling Attack mode was simple.
  • Soaked up an attack.
  • Free Tier
  • Many Reports
  • Option to force HTTPS over HTTP
  • Option to ban/challenge suspicious IP’s and set challenge timeframes.
  • Ability to setup IP firewall rules and Application Firewalls.
  • User-agent blocking
  • Lockdown URL’s to IP’s (pro feature)
  • Option to minify Javascript, CSS and HTML
  • Option to accelerate mobile links
  • Brotli compression on assets served.
  • Optio to enable BETA Rocket loader for Javascript performance tweaks.
  • Run Javascript service workers from the 120+ CDN’s
  • Page/URL rules o perform custom actions (redirects, skip cache, Encryption etc)
  • HTTP/2 on, IPV6 ON
  • Option to setup load balancing/failover
  • CTO of Cloudflare responded in Twitter 🙂
  • Option to enable rate limiting (charged at 10,000 hits for $0.05c)
  • Option to block countries (pro feature)
  • Option to install apps in Cloudflare like(Goole Analytics,
Cloudflare Cons
  • No more logging into NameCheap to perform DNS management (I now goto Cloudflare, Namecheap are awesome).
  • Cloudflare Support was slow/confusing (I ended up figuring out the redirect problem myself).
  • Some sort of verify Cloudflare Setup/DNS/CDN access would be nice. After I set this up my gtmetrix load times were the same and I was not sure if DNS needs to replicate? Changing minify settings in Cloudflare did not seem to happen.
  • WordPress draft posts are being cached even though page riles block wp-admin page caching.
  • Would be nice to have ad automatic Under Attack mode
  • Now all sub-domains were transferred in the setup ( id did not know for weeks)
Cloudflare status
Check out https://www.cloudflarestatus.com/ for status updates.
Don’t forget to install the CloudFlare Plugin for WordPress if you use WordPress.
More Reading
Check out my OWASP Zap and Kali Linux self-application Penetration testing posts.
I hope this guide helps someone.
Ask a question or recommend an article
[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Revision History
v1.8 host Command from the OSX CLI
v1.7 Subdomain error
v1.6 Cloudflare Attack
v1.5 WordPress Plugin
v1.4 More Reading
v1.3 added WAF snip
v1.2 Added Google Page Speed Insights and webpage rest results
v1.1 Added Y-Slow
v1.0 Initial post
Securing Ubuntu in the cloud
 by 
It is easy to deploy servers to the cloud within a few minutes, you can have a cloud-based server that you (or others can use). ubuntu has a great guide on setting up basic security issues but what do you need to do.
Advertisement:
 
 
 
 
If you do not secure your server expect it to be hacked into. Below are tips on securing your cloud server.
First, read more on scanning your server with Lynis security scan.
Always use up to date software
Always use update software, malicious users can detect what software you use with sites like shodan.io (or use port scan tools) and then look for weaknesses from well-published lists (e.g WordPress, Windows, MySQL, node, LifeRay, Oracle etc). People can even use Google to search for login pages or sites with passwords in HTML (yes that simple).  Once a system is identified by a malicious user they can send automated bots to break into your site (trying millions of passwords a day) or use tools to bypass existing defences (Security researcher Troy Hunt found out it’s child’s play).
Portscan sites like https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx?action=scan are good for knowing what you have exposed.
You can also use local programs like nmap to view open ports
Instal nmap
Find open ports
Limit ssh connections
Read more here.
Use ufw to set limits on login attempts
Only allow known IP’s access to your valuable ports
sudo ufw allow from 123.123.123.123/32 to any port 22
Delete unwanted firewall rules
Only allow known IP’s to certain ports
Also, set outgoing traffic to known active servers and ports
Don’t use weak/common Diffie-Hellman key for SSL certificates, more information here.
More info on generating SSL certs here and setting here and setting up Public Key Pinning here.
Intrusion Prevention Software
Do run fail2ban: Guide here https://www.linode.com/docs/security/using-fail2ban-for-security
I use iThemes Security to secure my WordPress and block repeat failed logins from certain IP addresses.
iThemes Security can even lock down your WordPress.
You can set iThemes to auto lock out users on x failed logins
Remember to use allowed whitelists though (it is so easy to lock yourself out of servers).
Passwords
Do have strong passwords and change the root password provided by the hosts. https://howsecureismypassword.net/ is a good site to see how strong your password is from brute force password attempts. https://www.grc.com/passwords.htm is a good site to obtain a strong password.  Do follow Troy Hunt’s blog and twitter account to keep up to date with security issues.
Configure a Firewall Basics
You should install a firewall on your Ubuntu and configure it and also configure a firewall with your hosts (e.g AWS, Vultr, Digital Ocean).
Configure a Firewall on AWS
My AWS server setup guide here. AWS allow you to configure the firewall here in the Amazon Console.
TypeProtocolPort RangeSourceComment
HTTPTCP800.0.0.0/0Opens a web server port for later
All ICMPALLN/A0.0.0.0/0Allows you to ping
All trafficALLAll0.0.0.0/0Not advisable long term but OK for testing today.
SSHTCP220.0.0.0/0Not advisable, try and limit this to known IP’s only.
HTTPSTCP4430.0.0.0/0Opens a secure web server port for later
Configure a Firewall on Digital Ocean
Configuring a firewall on Digital Ocean (create a $5/m server here).  You can configure your Digital Ocean droplet firewall by clicking Droplet, Networking then Manage Firewall after logging into Digital Ocean.
Configure a Firewall on Vultr
Configuring a firewall on Vultr (create a $2.5/m server here).
Don’t forget to set IP rules for IPV4 and IPV6, Only set the post you need to allow and ensure applications have strong passwords.
Ubuntu has a firewall built in (documentation).
Enable the firewall
Adding common ports
sudo ufw allow ssh/tcp
sudo ufw logging on
sudo ufw allow 22
sudo ufw allow 80
sudo ufw allow 53
sudo ufw allow 443
sudo ufw allow 873
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status
sudo ufw allow http
sudo ufw allow https
Add a whitelist for your IP (use http://icanhazip.com/ to get your IP) to ensure you won’t get kicked out of your server.
sudo ufw allow from 123.123.123.123/24 to any port 22
More help here.  Here is a  good guide on ufw commands. Info on port numbers here.
If you don’t have a  Digital Ocean server for $5 a month click here and if a $2.5 a month Vultr server here.
Backups
rsync is a good way to copy files to another server or use Bacula
Basics
Initial server setup guide (Digital Ocean).
Sudo (admin user)
Read this guide on the Linux sudo command (the equivalent if run as administrator on Windows).
Users
List users on an Ubuntu OS (or compgen -u)
Common output
Add User
e.g
Add user to a group
Show users in a group
This will show users in a group
Remove a user
Rename user
Change user password
Groups
Show all groups
compgen -ug
Common output
compgen -g
root
daemon
bin
sys
adm
tty
disk
lp
mail
proxy
sudo
www-data
backup
irc
etc
You can create your own groups but first, you must be aware of group ids
cat /etc/group
Then you can see your systems groups and ids.
Create a group
Permissions
Read this https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions
How to list users on Ubuntu.
Read more on setting permissions here.
Chmod help can be found here.
Install Fail2Ban
I used this guide on installing Fail2Ban.
Check Fail2Ban often and add blocks to the firewall of known bad IPs
Best practices
Ubuntu has a guide on basic security setup here.
Startup Processes
It is a good idea to review startup processes from time to time.
Accounts
  • Read up on the concept of least privilege access for apps and services here.
  • Read up on chmod permissions.
Updates
Do update your operating system often.
Minimal software
Only install what software you need
Exploits and Keeping up to date
Do keep up to date with exploits and vulnerabilities
Secure your applications
  • NodeJS: Enable logging in applications you install or develop.
Ban repeat Login attempts with FailBan
Fail2Ban config
Hosts File Hardening
Add
Add a whitelist with your ip on /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf (see this)
Restart the service
sudo service fail2ban restart
sudo service fail2ban status

Intrusion detection (logging) systems
Tripwire will not block or prevent intrusions but it will log and give you a heads up with risks and things of concern
Install Tripwire.
Running Tripwire
This will scan your system for issues of note
My Output.
sudo nano /var/log/tiger/security.report.username.170809-18:42

Security scripts *** 3.2.3, 2008.09.10.09.30 ***
Wed Aug  9 18:42:24 AEST 2017
20:42> Beginning security report for username (x86_64 Linux 4.4.0-89-generic).

# Performing check of passwd files...
# Checking entries from /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [pass014w] Login (bob) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
--WARN-- [pass014w] Login (root) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
--WARN-- [pass015w] Login ID sync does not have a valid shell (/bin/sync).
--WARN-- [pass012w] Home directory /nonexistent exists multiple times (3) in
         /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [pass012w] Home directory /run/systemd exists multiple times (2) in
         /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [pass006w] Integrity of password files questionable (/usr/sbin/pwck
         -r).

# Performing check of group files...

# Performing check of user accounts...
# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [acc021w] Login ID dnsmasq appears to be a dormant account.
--WARN-- [acc022w] Login ID nobody home directory (/nonexistent) is not
         accessible.

# Performing check of /etc/hosts.equiv and .rhosts files...

# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd...

# Performing check of .netrc files...

# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd...

# Performing common access checks for root (in /etc/default/login, /securetty, and /etc/ttytab...
--WARN-- [root001w] Remote root login allowed in /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Performing check of PATH components...
--WARN-- [path009w] /etc/profile does not export an initial setting for PATH.
# Only checking user 'root'

# Performing check of anonymous FTP...

# Performing checks of mail aliases...
# Checking aliases from /etc/aliases.

# Performing check of `cron' entries...
--WARN-- [cron005w] Use of cron is not restricted

# Performing check of 'services' ...
# Checking services from /etc/services.
--WARN-- [inet003w] The port for service ssmtp is also assigned to service
         urd.
--WARN-- [inet003w] The port for service pipe-server is also assigned to
         service search.

# Performing NFS exports check...

# Performing check of system file permissions...
--ALERT-- [perm023a] /bin/su is setuid to `root'.
--ALERT-- [perm023a] /usr/bin/at is setuid to `daemon'.
--ALERT-- [perm024a] /usr/bin/at is setgid to `daemon'.
--WARN-- [perm001w] The owner of /usr/bin/at should be root (owned by daemon).
--WARN-- [perm002w] The group owner of /usr/bin/at should be root.
--ALERT-- [perm023a] /usr/bin/passwd is setuid to `root'.
--ALERT-- [perm024a] /usr/bin/wall is setgid to `tty'.

# Checking for known intrusion signs...
# Testing for promiscuous interfaces with /bin/ip
# Testing for backdoors in inetd.conf

# Performing check of files in system mail spool...

# Performing check for rookits...
# Running chkrootkit (/usr/sbin/chkrootkit) to perform further checks...
--WARN-- [rootkit004w] Chkrootkit has detected a possible rootkit installation
Possible Linux/Ebury - Operation Windigo installetd

# Performing system specific checks...
# Performing checks for Linux/4...

# Checking boot loader file permissions...
--WARN-- [boot02] The configuration file /boot/grub/menu.lst has group
         permissions. Should be 0600
--FAIL-- [boot02] The configuration file /boot/grub/menu.lst has world
         permissions. Should be 0600
--WARN-- [boot06] The Grub bootloader does not have a password configured.

# Checking for vulnerabilities in inittab configuration...

# Checking for correct umask settings for init scripts...
--WARN-- [misc021w] There are no umask entries in /etc/init.d/rcS

# Checking Logins not used on the system ...

# Checking network configuration
--FAIL-- [lin013f] The system is not protected against Syn flooding attacks
--WARN-- [lin017w] The system is not configured to log suspicious (martian)
         packets

# Verifying system specific password checks...

# Checking OS release...
--WARN-- [osv004w] Unreleased Debian GNU/Linux version `stretch/sid'

# Checking installed packages vs Debian Security Advisories...

# Checking md5sums of installed files

# Checking installed files against packages...
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.dep' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.alias.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.devname' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.softdep' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.alias' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.symbols.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.builtin.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.symbols' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.dep.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.dep' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.alias.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.devname' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.softdep' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.alias' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.symbols.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.builtin.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.symbols' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.dep.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/udev/hwdb.bin' does not belong to any package.

# Performing check of root directory...

# Checking device permissions...
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/block resides in a device directory.
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/char resides in a device directory.
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/cpu resides in a device directory.
--FAIL-- [dev002f] /dev/fuse has world permissions
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/hugepages resides in a device directory.
--FAIL-- [dev002f] /dev/kmsg has world permissions
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/lightnvm resides in a device directory.
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/mqueue resides in a device directory.
--FAIL-- [dev002f] /dev/rfkill has world permissions
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/vfio resides in a device directory.

# Checking for existence of log files...
--FAIL-- [logf005f] Log file /var/log/btmp permission should be 660
--FAIL-- [logf007f] Log file /var/log/messages does not exist

# Checking for correct umask settings for user login shells...
--WARN-- [misc021w] There is no umask definition for the dash shell
--WARN-- [misc021w] There is no umask definition for the bash shell

# Checking symbolic links...

# Performing check of embedded pathnames...
20:47> Security report completed for username.
More on Tripwire here.
Hardening PHP
Hardening PHP config (and backing the PHP config it up), first create an info.php file in your website root folder with this info
Now look for what PHP file is loadingPHP Config
Back that your PHP config file
TIP: Delete the file with phpinfo() in it as it is a security risk to leave it there.
TIP: Read the OWASP cheat sheet on using PHP securely here and securing php.ini here.
Some common security changes
Don’t forget to review logs, more config changes here.
Antivirus
Yes, it is a good idea to run antivirus in Ubuntu, here is a good list of antivirus software
I am installing ClamAV as it can be installed on the command line and is open source.
ClamAV help here.
Scan a folder
Setup auto update antivirus definitions
I set auto updates 24 times a day (every hour) via daemon updates.
tip: Download manual antivirus update definitions. If you only have a 512MB server your update may fail and you may want to stop fresh claim/php/nginx and mysql before you update to ensure the antivirus definitions update. You can move this to a con job and set this to update at set times over daemon to ensure updates happen.
Manual scan with a bash script
Create a bash script
Bash script contents to update antivirus definitions.
Edit the crontab to run the script every hour
Uninstalling Clam AV
You may need to uninstall Clamav if you don’t have a lot of memory or find updates are too big.
Setup Unattended Ubuntu Security updates
At login, you should receive
Other
  • Read this awesome guide.
  • install Fail2Ban
  • Do check your log files if you suspect suspicious activity.
Check out the extensive Hardening a Linux Server guide at thecloud.org.uk: https://thecloud.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=Hardening_a_Linux_Server
 
Donate and make this blog better

 
 
 
Ask a question or recommend an article
 [contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
v1.92 added hardening a linux server link
Moving a CPanel domain with email to a self managed VPS and Gmail
 by 
Below is my guide for moving away from NetRegistry CPanel domain to a self-managed server and GSuite email.
Advertisement:
 
 
 
I have had www.fearby.com since 1999 on three CPanel hosts (superwerbhost in the US, Jumba in Australia, Uber in Australia (NetRegistry have acquired Uber and performance at the time of writing is terrible)). I was never informed by Uber of the sale but my admin portal was moved from one host to another and each time performance degraded. I tried to speed up WordPress by optimizing images, installing cache plugins but nothing worked, pages were loading in around 24 seconds on https://www.webpagetest.org.
Buy a domain name from Namecheap here.
Domain names for just 88 cents!
I had issues with a CPanel domain on the hosts (Uber/Netregistry) as they were migrating domains and the NetRegstry chat rep said I needed to phone Uber for support. No thanks, I’m going self-managed and saving a dollar.
Advertisement:
 
 
 
 
I decided to take ownership of my slow domain and setup my own VM and direct web traffic to it and redirect email to GMail (I have done this before).  I have setup Digital Ocean VM’s (Ubuntu and Centos), Vultr VM’s and AWS VM’s.
I have also had enough of Resource Limit Reached messages with CPanel and I can’t wait to…
  • not have a slow WordPress.
  • setup my own server (not a slow hosts server).
  • spend $5 less (we currently pay $25 for a CPanel website with 20GB storage total)
  • get a faster website (sub 24 seconds load time).
  • larger email mailboxes (30GB each).
  • Generate my own “SSL Labs A+ rated” certificate for $10 a year instead of $150 a year for an “SSL Labs C rated” SSL certificate from my existing hosts.
Backup
I have about 10 email accounts on my CPanel domain (using 14GB) and 2x WordPress sites.  I want to backup my emails with (Outlook Export and Thunderbird Profile backup) and backup my domain file(s) a few times before I do anything.  Once DNS is set in motion no server waits.
The Plan
Once everything is backed up I intend to setup a $5 a month Vulr VM and redirect all mail to Google G Suite (I have redirected mail before).
I will setup a Vultr web server in Sydney (following my guide here), buy an  SSL certificate from Namecheap and move my WordPress sites.
Rough Plan
  • Reduce email accounts from 10x to 3x
  • Backup emails (twice with ThunderBird and Outlook).
  • Setup A Ubuntu V on Vultr.
  • Signup for Google G Suite Trial.
  • Transfer my domain to Namecheap.
  • Link to domain DNS to Vultr
  • Link to domain MX records to Google Email.
  • Transfer website.
  • Setup emails on google.
  • Restore WordPress.
  • Go live.
  • Downgrade to personal G Suite before the trial expires
  • Close down the old server.
Signing up for Google G Suite
I visited https://gsuite.google.com/ and started creating an account.
Get 20% off your first year by signing up for Google G Suite using this link: https://goo.gl/6vpuMm
 
Screenshots of Google G Suite setup
I created a link between G Suite and an existing GMail account.
More screenshots of Google G suite setup
Now I can create the admin account.
Picture of G suite asking how i will log in
Tip: Don’t use any emails that are linked as secondary emails with any Google services (this won’t be allowed). It’s s a well-known issue that you cannot add users emails who are linked to Google services (even as backup emails for Gmail, detach the email before adding it). Read more here.
Google G suite did not like my email provided
 
Final setup steps.
Final G suite setup screenshots.
Now I can add email accounts to G Suite.
G Suite said im all ready to add users
Adding email users to G Suite.
G Suite adding users
The next thing I had to do was upload a file to my domain to verify I own the domain (DNS verification is also an option).
I must say the setup and verify steps are quite easy to follow on G Suite.
Time to backup our existing CPanel site.
Screenshot of Cpanel users 
 
Backup Step 1 (hopefully I won’t need this)
I decided to grab a complete copy of my CPanel domain with domains, databases and email accounts. This took 24 hours.
CPanel backup screenshot
Backup Step 2 (hopefully I won’t need this) 
I download all mail via IMAP in Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird and export it (Outlook Export and Thunderbird Profile backup). Google have IMAP instructions here.
DNS Changes at Namecheap
I obtained my domain EPP code from my CPanel hosts and transferred the domain name to Namecheap.
Namecheap was even nice enough to set my DNS point to my existing domain so I did not have to rush a move before DNS propagation.
P.S The Namecheap Chat Staff and Namecheap  Mobile App is awesome.
NameCheap DNS
Having backed up everything I logged into Namecheap and set my DNS to “NameCheap BasicDNS” and then went “Advanced DNS” and set appropriate DNS records for my domain. This assumes you have setup a VM with IPV4 and IPV6 (follow my guide here).
  • A Record @ IPV4_OF_MY_VULTR_SERVER
  • A Record www IPV4_OF_MY_VULTR_SERVER
  • A Record ftp IPV4_OF_MY_VULTR_SERVER
  • AAAA Record @ IPV6_OF_MY_VULTR_SERVER
  • AAAA Record www IPV6_OF_MY_VULTR_SERVER
  • AAAA Record ftp IPV6_OF_MY_VULTR_SERVER
  • C Name www fearby.com
The Google G Suite also asked me to add these following MX records to the DNS records.
  • MX Record @ ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM. 1
  • MX Record @ ASPMX1.L.GOOGLE.COM. 5
  • MX Record @ ASPMX2.L.GOOGLE.COM. 5
  • MX Record @ ASPMX3.L.GOOGLE.COM. 10
  • MX Record @ ASPMX4.L.GOOGLE.COM. 10
Then it was a matter of telling Google DNS changes were made (once DNS has replicated across the US).
My advice is to set DNS changes before bed as it can take 12 hours.
Sites like https://www.whatsmydns.net/ are great for keeping track of DNS replication.
Transferring WordPress
I logged into the CPanel and exported my WordPress Database (34MB SQL file).
I had to make the following PHP.ini changes to allow the larger file size restore uploads with the Adminer utility (default is 2mb). I could not get the server side adminer.sls.gz option to restore the database?
I had to make the following changes to nginx.conf (to prevent 404 errors on the database upload)
I also had to make these changes to NGINX (sites-available/default) to allow WordPress to work
I had a working MySQL (I followed my guide here).
Adminer is the best PHP MySQL management utility (beats PhpMyAdmin hands down).
Restart NGINX and PHP
I had an error on database import, a non-descript error in script line 1 (error hint here).
A simple search and replace in the SQL fixed it.
Once I had increased PHP uploads to 50M and Nginx I was able to upload my database backup with Adminer  (just remember to import to the created database that matches. the wp-config.php. Also, ensure your WordPress content is in place too.
The only other problem I had was WordPress gave an “Error 500” so moved   few plugins an all was good.
Importing Old Email
I was able to use the Google G Suite tools to import my old Mail (CPanel IMAP to Google IMAP).
Import IMAP mail to GMail
I love root access on my own server now, goodbye CPanel “Usage Limit Exceeded” errors (I only had light traffic on my site).
My self-hosted WordPress is a lot snappier now, my server has plenty of space (and only costs $0.007c and hour for 1x CPU, 1GB ram, 25GB SSD storage and 1000GB data transfer quota). I use the htop command to view system processor and disk space usage.
I can now have more space for content and not be restricted by tight hosts disk quotas or slow shared servers.  I use the pydf command to view dis space.
I use ncdu to view folder usage.
Installing ncdu
Type ncdu in the folder you want to browse under.
You can arrow up and down folder structures and view folder/file usage.
SSL Certificate
I am setting up a new multi year SS cert now, I will update this guide later.  I had to read my SSL guide with Digital Ocean here.
I generated some certificate on my server
Sample output for  a new certificate
openssl req -new -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -keyout dummy.key -out dummy.csr
Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key
.................................................................................................++
......++
writing new private key to 'dummy.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: AU
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: NSW
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Tamworth
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: Dummy Org
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Dummy Org Dept
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []: DummyOrg
Email Address []: [email protected]

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []: password
An optional company name []: DummyCO
[email protected]:~/sslcsrmaster4096# cat dummy.csr
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
MIIFAjCCAuoCAQAwgYsxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkFVMQwwCgYDVQQIDANOU1cxETAPBgNV
BAcMCFRhbXdvcnRoMRIwEAYDVQQKDAlEdW1teSBPcmcxFzAVBgNVBAsMDkR1bW15
IE9yZyBEZXB0MREwDwYDVQQDDAhEdW1teU9yZzEbMBkGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYMbWVA
ZHVtbXkub3JnMIICIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAg8AMIICCgKCAgEA6PUtWkRl
+gL0Hx354YuJ5Sul2Xh+ljILSlFoHAxktKlE+OJDJAtUtVQpo3/F2rGTJWmmtef+
shortenedoutput
swrUzpBv8hjGziPoVdd8qdAA2Gh/Y5LsehQgyXV1zGgjsi2GN4A=
-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
 
I then uploaded the certificate to Namecheap for an SSL cert registration.
I selected DNS C Name record as a way to verify I own my domain.
I am now waiting for Namecheap to verify my domain
End of the Google G Suite Business Trial
Before the end of the 14-day trial, you will need to add billing details to keep the email working.
At this stage, you can downgrade from a $10/m business account per user to a $5/m per user account if you wish. The only loss would be storage and google app access.
Get 20% off your first year by signing up for Google G Suite using this link: https://goo.gl/6vpuMm
Before your trial ends, add your payment details and downgrade from $10/user a month business prices to $5/iser a month individual if needed.
G Suite Troubleshooting
I was able to access new G Suite email account via gmail.com but not via Outlook 2015? I reset the password, followed the google troubleshooting guide and used the official incoming and outgoing settings but nothing worked.
troubleshooting 1
Google phone support suggested I enable less secure connection settings as Google firewall may be blocking Outlook. I know the IMAP RFC is many years old but I doubt Microsoft are talking to G Suite in a lazy manner.
Now I can view my messages and I can see one email that said I was blocked by the firewall. Google phone support and faqs don’t say why Outlook 2015 SSL based IMAP was blocked?
past email
Conclusion
Thanks to my wife who put up with my continual updates over the entire domain move. Voicing the progress helped me a lot.
Donate and make this blog better

 
 
 
Ask a question or recommend an article
 [contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
V1.8 added ad link
Setting up a Vultr VM and configuring it
 by 
Below is my guide on setting up a Vultr VM and configuring it with a static IP, NGINX, MySQL, PHP and an SSL certificate.
I have blogged about setting up Centos and Ubuntu server on Digital Ocean before.  Digital Ocean does not have data centers in Australia and this kills scalability.  AWS is good but 4x the price of Vultr. I have also blogged about setting up and AWS server here. I tried to check out Alibaba Cloud but the verification process was broken so I decided to check our Vultr.
Advertisement:
 
 
 
 
Update (June 2018): I don’t use Vultr anymore, I moved my domain to UpCloud (they are that awesome). Use this link to signup and get $25 free credit. Read the steps I took to move my domain to UpCloud here.
UpCloud is way faster.
Upcloud Site Speed in GTMetrix
Buy a domain name from Namecheap here.
Domain names for just 88 cents!
Setting up a  Vultr Server
1) Go to http://www.vultr.com/?ref=7192231 and create your own server today.
2) Create an account at Vultr.
Vultr signup
3) Add a  Credit Card
Vultr add cc
4) Verify your email address, Check https://my.vultr.com/promo/ for promos.
5) Create your first instance (for me it was an Ubuntu 16.04 x64 Server,  2 CPU, 4Gb RAM, 60Gb SSD, 3,000MB Transfer server in Sydney for $20 a month). I enabled IPV6, Private Networking, and  Sydney as the server location. Digital Ocean would only have offered 2GB ram and 40GB SSD at this price.  AWS would have charged $80/w.
Vultr deploy vm
2 Cores and 4GB ram is what I am after (I will use it for NGINX, MySQL, PHP, MongoDB, OpCache and Redis etc).
Vultr 20 month
6) I followed this guide and generated an SSH key and added it to Vultr. I generated a local SSH key and added it to Vultr
snip
Vultr add ssh key
7) I was a bit confused if the UI adding the SSH key to the in progress deploy server screen (the SSH key was added but was not highlighted so I recreated the server to deploy and the SSH key now appears).
Vultr ass ssh key 2
Now time to deploy the server.
Vultr deploy now
Deploying now.
Vultr my servers
My Vultr server is now deployed.
Vultr server information
I connected to it with my SSH program on my Mac.
Vultr ssh
Now it is time to redirect my domain (purchased through Namecheap) to the new Vultr server IP.
DNS: @ A Name record at Namecheap
Vultr namecheap
Update: I forgot to add an A Name for www.
Vultr namecheap 2
DNS: Vultr (added the Same @ and www A Name records (fyi “@” was replaced with “”)).
Vultr dns
I waited 60 minutes and DNS propagation happened. I used the site https://www.whatsmydns.net to see where the DNS replication was and I was receiving an error.
Setting the Serves Time, and Timezone (Ubuntu)
I checked the time on zone  server but it was wrong (20 hours behind)
I manually set the timezone to Sydney Australia.
I installed the NTP time syncing service
I configured the NTP service to use Australian servers (read this guide).
I checked the time after restarting NTP.
The time is correct 🙂
Installing NGINX Web Server Webserver   (Ubuntu)
Installing NodeJS  (Ubuntu)
Installing MySQL  (Ubuntu)
Install PHP 7.x and PHP7.0-FPM  (Ubuntu)
php.ini
Restart PHP
Now install misc helper modules into php 7 (thanks to this guide)
Initial NGINX Configuring – Pre SSL and Security (Ubuntu)
Here is a good guide on setting up NGINX for performance.
Edit the NGINX configuration
File Contents: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
File Contents: /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
I talked to Dmitriy Kovtun (SSL CS) on the Namecheap Chat to resolve a  privacy error (I stuffed up and I am getting the error “Your connection is not private” and “NET::ERR_SSL_PINNED_KEY_NOT_IN_CERT_CHAIN”).
Vultr chrome privacy
SSL checker says everything is fine.
Vultr ssl checker
I checked the certificate strength with SSL Labs (OK).
Vultr ssl labs
 
Test and Reload NGINX (Ubuntu)
Create a test PHP file
It Works.
Install Utils (Ubuntu)
Install an interactive folder size program
Vultr ncdu
Install a better disk check utility
Vultr pydf
Display startup processes
Install JSON helper
Increase the console history
I rebooted to see if PHP started up.
OpenSSL Info (Ubuntu)
Read about updating OpenSSL here.
Update Ubuntu
Vultr Firewall
I configured the server firewall at Vultr and ensured it was setup by clicking my server, then settings then firewall.
Vultr firewall
I then checked open ports with https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx
Assign a Domain (Vultr)
I assigned a  domain with my VM at https://my.vultr.com/dns/add/
Vultr add domain
Charts
I reviewed the server information at Vultr (nice).
Vultr charts
Static IP’s
You should also setup a static IP in /etc/network/interfaces as mentioned in the settings for your server https://my.vultr.com/subs/netconfig/?SUBID=XXXXXX
Backup your existing Ubuntu 16.04 DHCP Network Configuratiion
I would recommend you log a Vultr support ticket and get the right IPV4/IPV6 details to paste into /etc/network/interfaces while you can access your IP.
It is near impossible to configure the static IP when the server is refusing a DHCP IP address (happened top me after 2 months).
If you don’t have time to setup a  static IP you can roll with Auto DHCP IP assignment and when your server fails to get and IP you can manually run the following command (changing the network adapter too your network adapter) from the web root console.
I logged a ticket for each of my other servers to get thew contents or /etc/network/interfaces
Support Ticket Contents:
Install an FTP Server (Ubuntu)
I decided on pureftp-d based on this advice.  I did try vsftpd but it failed. I used this guide to setup FTP and a user.
I used this guide to setup an FTP and a user. I was able to login via FTP but decided to setup C9 instead. I stopped the FTP service.
I logged into and created a new remote SSH connection to my Vultr server and copied the ssh key and added to my Vultr authorized keys file
I opened the site with C9 and it setup my environment.
I do love C9.io
Vultr c9
Add an  SSL certificate (Reissue existing SSL cert at NameCheap)
I had a chat with Konstantin Detinich (SSL CS) on Namecheap’s chat and he helped me through reissuing my certificate.
I have a three-year certificate so I reissued it.  I will follow the Namecheap reissue guide here.
I recreated certificates
I posted the CSR into Name Cheap Reissue Certificate Form.
Vultr ssl cert
Tip: Make sure your certificate is using the same name and the old certificate.
I continued the Namecheap prompts and specified HTTP domain control verification.
Namecheap Output: When you submit your info for this step, the activation process will begin and your SSL certificate will be available from your Domain List. To finalize the activation, you’ll need to complete the Domain Control Validation process. Please follow the instructions below.
Now I will wait for the verification instructions.
Update: I waited a  few hours and the instructions never came so I logged in to the NameCheap portal and downloaded the HTTP domain verification file. and uploaded it to my domain.
Vultr ssl cert 2
I forgot to add the text file to the NGINX allowed files in files list.
I added the following file:  /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
I reloaded and restarted NGINX
The file now loaded over port 80. I then checked Namecheap chat (Alexandra Belyaninova) to speed up the HTTP Domain verification and they said the text file needs to be placed in /.well-known/pki-validation/ folder (not specified in the earlier steps).
The certificate reissue was all approved and available for download.
Comodo
I uploaded all files related to the ssl cert to /etc/nginx/ssl/ and read my guide here to refresh myself on what is next.
I ran this command in the folder /etc/nginx/ssl/ to generate a DH prime rather than downloading a nice new one from here.
This namecheap guide will tell you how to activate a new certificate and how to generate a CSR file. Note: The guide to the left will generate a 2048 bit key and this will cap you SSL certificates security to a B at http://www.sslabs.com/ssltest so I recommend you generate an 4096 bit csr key and 4096 bit Diffie Hellmann key.
I used https://certificatechain.io/ to generate a valid certificate chain.
My SSL /etc/nginx/ssl/sites-available/default config
My /etc/nginx/nginx.conf Config
# https://github.com/denji/nginx-tuning
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
worker_cpu_affinity auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 100000;
error_log /var/log/nginx/nginxcriterror.log crit;

events {
	worker_connections 4000;
	use epoll;
	multi_accept on;
}

http {

        limit_conn conn_limit_per_ip 10;
        limit_req zone=req_limit_per_ip burst=10 nodelay;

        # copies data between one FD and other from within the kernel faster then read() + write()
        sendfile on;

        # send headers in one peace, its better then sending them one by one
        tcp_nopush on;

        # don't buffer data sent, good for small data bursts in real time
        tcp_nodelay on;

        # reduce the data that needs to be sent over network -- for testing environment
        gzip on;
        gzip_min_length 10240;
        gzip_proxied expired no-cache no-store private auth;
        gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml text/javascript application/x-javascript application/json application/xml;
        gzip_disable msie6;

        # allow the server to close connection on non responding client, this will free up memory
        reset_timedout_connection on;

        # if client stop responding, free up memory -- default 60
        send_timeout 2;

        # server will close connection after this time -- default 75
        keepalive_timeout 30;

        # number of requests client can make over keep-alive -- for testing environment
        keepalive_requests 100000;

        # Security
        server_tokens off;

        # limit the number of connections per single IP 
        limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit_per_ip:10m;

        # limit the number of requests for a given session
        limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit_per_ip:10m rate=5r/s;

        # if the request body size is more than the buffer size, then the entire (or partial) request body is written into a temporary file
        client_body_buffer_size  128k;

        # headerbuffer size for the request header from client -- for testing environment
        client_header_buffer_size 3m;

        # to boost I/O on HDD we can disable access logs
        access_log off;

        # cache informations about FDs, frequently accessed files
        # can boost performance, but you need to test those values
        open_file_cache max=200000 inactive=20s; 
        open_file_cache_valid 30s; 
        open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
        open_file_cache_errors on;

        # maximum number and size of buffers for large headers to read from client request
        large_client_header_buffers 4 256k;

        # read timeout for the request body from client -- for testing environment
        client_body_timeout   3m;

        # how long to wait for the client to send a request header -- for testing environment
        client_header_timeout 3m;
	types_hash_max_size 2048;
	# server_tokens off;
	# server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
	# server_name_in_redirect off;

	include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
	default_type application/octet-stream;

	ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
	ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

	access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
	error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

	
	# gzip_vary on;
	# gzip_proxied any;
	# gzip_comp_level 6;
	# gzip_buffers 16 8k;
	# gzip_http_version 1.1;
	# gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

	include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
	include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}


#mail {
#	# See sample authentication script at:
#	# http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
# 
#	# auth_http localhost/auth.php;
#	# pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
#	# imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
# 
#	server {
#		listen     localhost:110;
#		protocol   pop3;
#		proxy      on;
#	}
# 
#	server {
#		listen     localhost:143;
#		protocol   imap;
#		proxy      on;
#	}
#}

Namecheap support checked my certificate with https://decoder.link/sslchecker/ (no errors). Other SSL checkers are https://certlogik.com/ssl-checker/ and https://sslanalyzer.comodoca.com/
I was given a new certificate to try by Namecheap.
Namecheap Chat (Dmitriy) also recommended I clear my google cache as they did not see errors on their side (this worked).
SSL Security
Read my past guide on adding SSL to a Digital Ocean server.
I am checking my site with https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/ (OK).
My site came up clean with shodan.io
Securing Ubuntu in the Cloud
Read my guide here.
OpenSSL Version
I checked the OpenSLL version to see if it was up to date
Yep, all up to date https://www.openssl.org/
I will check often.
Install MySQL GUI
Installed the Adminer MySQL GUI tool (uploaded)
Don’t forget to check your servers IP with www.shodan.io to ensure there are no back doors.
I had to increase PHP’supload_max_filesize file size temporarily to allow me to restore a database backup.  I edited the php file in /etc/php/7.0/fmp/php.ini and then reload php
I used Adminer to restore a database.
Support
I found the email support to Vultr was great, I had an email reply in minutes. The Namecheap chat was awesome too. I did have an unplanned reboot on a Vultr node that one of my servers were on (let’s hope the server survives).
View the Vultr service status page is located here.
Conclusion
I now have a secure server with MySQL and other web resources ready to go.  I will not add some remote monitoring and restore a website along with NodeJS and MongoDB.
site ready
Definitely, give Vulrt go (they even have data centers in Sydney). Signup with this link http://www.vultr.com/?ref=7192231
Namecheap is great for certificates and support.
ssl labs
Vultr API
Vultr has a great API that you can use to automate status pages or obtain information about your VM instances.
API Location: https://www.vultr.com/api/
First, you will need to activate API access and allow your IP addresses (IPV4 and IPV6) in Vultr. At first, I only allowed IPV4 addresses but it looks as if Vultr use IPV6 internally so add your IPV6 IP (if you are hitting the IP form, a Vultr server). Beware that the return JSON from the https://api.vultr.com/v1/server/list API has URLs (and tokens) to your virtual console and root passwords so ensure your API key is secured.
Here is some working PHP code to query the API
Your server will need to curl installed and you will need to enable URL opening in your php.ini file.
Once you have curl (and the API) working via PHP, this code will return data from the API for a nominated server (replace ‘123456’ with the id from your server at https://my.vultr.com/).
A raw packet looks like this from https://api.vultr.com/v1/server/list
I recommend the Paw software for any API testing locally on OSX.
Bonus: Converting Vultr Network totals from the Vultr API with PHP
Add the following as a global PHP function in your PHP file. Found the number formatting solution here.
<?php
// Found at https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2510434/format-bytes-to-kilobytes-megabytes-gigabytes 

function swissConverter($value, $format = true, $precision = 2) {
    // Below converts value into bytes depending on input (specify mb, for 
    // example)
    $bytes = preg_replace_callback('/^\s*(\d+)\s*(?:([kmgt]?)b?)?\s*$/i', 
    function ($m) {
        switch (strtolower($m[2])) {
          case 't': $m[1] *= 1024;
          case 'g': $m[1] *= 1024;
          case 'm': $m[1] *= 1024;
          case 'k': $m[1] *= 1024;
        }
        return $m[1];
        }, $value);
    if(is_numeric($bytes)) {
        if($format === true) {
            //Below converts bytes into proper formatting (human readable 
            //basically)
            $base = log($bytes, 1024);
            $suffixes = array('', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB');   

            return round(pow(1024, $base - floor($base)), $precision) .' '. 
                     $suffixes[floor($base)];
        } else {
            return $bytes;
        }
    } else {
        return NULL; //Change to prefered response
    }
}
?>
Now you can query the https://api.vultr.com/v1/server/bandwidth?SUBID=123456 API and get bandwidth information related to your server (replace 123456 with your servers ID).
<h4>Network Stats:</h4><br />
<?php

$ch = curl_init();
$headers = [
    'API-Key: removed'
];
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

// Change 123456 to your server ID

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.vultr.com/v1/server/bandwidth?SUBID=123456');

$server_output = curl_exec ($ch);
curl_close ($ch);
//print  $server_output ;
curl_close($ch);

$array = json_decode($server_output, true);

//Get 123456 Incoming Bytes Yesterday
$vultr123456_imcoming00ib = $array['incoming_bytes'][0][1];
echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Incoming Data Total Day Before Yesterday: <strong>" . swissConverter($vultr123456_imcoming00ib, true) . "</strong><br/>";

//Get 123456 Incoming Bytes Yesterday
$vultr123456_imcoming00ib = $array['incoming_bytes'][1][1];
echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Incoming Data Total Yesterday: <strong>" . swissConverter($vultr123456_imcoming00ib, true) . "</strong><br/>";

//Get 123456 Incoming Bytes Today
$vultr123456_imcoming00ib = $array['incoming_bytes'][2][1];
echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Incoming Data Total Today: <strong>" . swissConverter($vultr123456_imcoming00ib, true) . "</strong><br/><br/>";

//Get 123456 Outgoing Bytes Day Before Yesterday 
$vultr123456_imcoming10ob = $array['outgoing_bytes'][0][1];
echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Outgoing Data Total Yesterday: <strong>" . swissConverter($vultr123456_imcoming10ob, true) . "</strong><br/>";

//Get 123456 Outgoing Bytes Yesterday 
$vultr123456_imcoming10ob = $array['outgoing_bytes'][1][1];
echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Outgoing Data Total Yesterday: <strong>" . swissConverter($vultr123456_imcoming10ob, true) . "</strong><br/>";

//Get 123456 Outgoing Bytes Today 
$vultr123456_imcoming00ob = $array['outgoing_bytes'][2][1];
echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Outgoing Data Total Today: <strong>" . swissConverter($vultr123456_imcoming00ob, true) . "</strong><br/>";

echo "<br />";
?>
Bonus: Pinging a Vultr server from the Vultr API with PHP’s fsockopen function
Paste the ping function globally
<?php
function pingfsockopen($host,$port=443,$timeout=3)
{
        $fsock = fsockopen($host, $port, $errno, $errstr, $timeout);
        if ( ! $fsock )
        {
                return FALSE;
        }
        else
        {
                return TRUE;
        }
}
?>
Now you can grab the servers IP from https://api.vultr.com/v1/server/list and then ping it (on SSL port 443).
//Get Server 123456 IP
$vultr_mainip = $array['123456']['main_ip'];
$up = pingfsockopen($vultr_mainip);
if( $up ) {
        echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Server is UP.<br />";
}
else {
        echo " &nbsp; &nbsp; Server is DOWN<br />";
}
Setup Google DNS
Add line
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
 
What have I missed?
Read my blog post on Securing an Ubuntu VM with a free LetsEncrypt SSL certificate in 1 Minute.
Read my blog post on securing your Ubuntu server in the cloud.
Read my blog post on running an Ubuntu system scan with Lynis.
Donate and make this blog better

 
 
 
Ask a question or recommend an article
 [contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
v1.993 added log info