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Twitter

DIY Scheduling automatic tweets with WordPress links and hashtags

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I have recently blogged about moving WordPress away from a CPanel managed domain to a self-managed Ubuntu server. I wanted a faster server with a free encrypted SSL certificate, no usage capacity limits (that I had on CPanel host) on server capacity and improve SEO. This guide aims to automate tweets with links to existing blog posts based on recent twitter command line research. I plan on using the Ubuntu crontab to schedule bash scripts to automate sending tweets. I plan on automating tweets with this GitHub repo: https://github.com/sferik/t every 6 hours.

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Source posts for automation

I have the Yoast SEO plugin installed in WordPress and it automatically creates a Pages and Posts sitemaps when new content is posted in WordPress. I used to choose Pages and Posts for publishing WordPress content but recently switched to using Posts only.

Here are my websites sitemaps XML files.

My Sitemap XML’s

Sitemaps

I plan on automating tweets from random pages in https://fearby.com/post-sitemap.xml

More on setting up the Twitter command line utility here.

Test tweeting from a bash file

FYI: real twitter accounts have been renamed below in all output below to @twitteraccount01 and @twitteraccount02

I created a bash file to handle the logic for automation

I tested the bash files ability to send a tweet

I made the file executable

I tested the script

The bash script sent a text message 🙂

Test Tweet

Now it is time to authorize a second twitter account with the t utility (see this guide for help creating a Twitter app and linking it to t).

Summary:

  • Goto https://apps.twitter.com/ and log in with the right Twitter account.
  • Create a new app.
  • I had to link my twitter account to a mobile number before I could create the app.
  • Set twitter app permissions: Read, Write and Access direct messages.

I ran these commands to Authorize a second twitter account in t

I can now see I have two Twitter accounts added to t

Now let’s see if we can tweet to the new twitter account (while keeping the old account linked): https://www.twitter.com/FearbySoftware

I edited the bash script to have a different message to tweet.

Success

Test Tweet

https://github.com/sferik/t suggests I can set the active Twitter account by entering the following command before tweeting

You can find linked twitter account usernames and id’s by running

I have updated the /scripts/tweetrandomblogarticle.sh  file to switch active accounts before tweeting

I ran the bash file to test sending multiple tweets from different accounts

Success

Processing the sitemaps file

At this point, I realized I have setup t on a different server than the server with sitemaps.xml. This is not a problem, I can easily download the sitemaps file onto this server with curl and process the XML with bash before tweeting.

Downloading the XML file

Now what does the XML Sitemaps file look like (Important for processing)

XML Sitemap Contents:

Processing the XML file

Here is my final bash script that manages temp files, downloads a sitemap, finds URLs in the Sitemap, chooses a random article, loads the page to get the title, finds hashtags and posts a tweet.

Final script with hashtag routine.

Hashtags

I added custom hashtags routine to the tweets body depending on the article url by adding the code below over the hashtag=”codetba” placeholder above.

Automation

This is how I scheduled the auto-tweet in the crontab (every 6 hours (0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00)).

Pros

  • Automated
  • Does what I want

Cons

  • I have to add new URLs in order to add hashtags

Hope this helps.

Need a server?

Set up a Server on Vultr here for as low as $2.5 a month or set up a Server on Digital Ocean (and get the first 2 months free ($5/m server)). I have a guide on setting up a Vultr server here or Digital Ocean server here.  Don’t forget to add a free LetsEncrypt SSL Certificate and secure the server (read more here and here).

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Revision History

v1.1 Revised (24th Sep 2017)

etc

How to setup a twitter feed API endpoint in NodeJS with NGINX, Ruby and T etc

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This is how I set up a twitter feed API endpoint in NodeJS with NGINX, Ruby and T etc. This can be used to integrate SEO or automate Twitter post analytics or automate posts to twitter.

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This guide assumes you have an Ubuntu server, nodejs (nginx) and setup ruby, rails and t twitter command line utility setup.  Also, you will need to have an API setup and working

Ensure your API is configured in NGINX /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

I set up a placeholder GET routine in my node process that we will be used to communicate with the Twitter command line utility.

app.get('/api/appname/v1/feed/twitter/',function(req,res){
	var data = { "Feed":"" };
	data["Feed"] = "Working v0.1";
	res.json(data);
});

I started 1 instance of the API on a server with pm2 linked to https://keymetrics.io/.

View API Status with PM2

You can restart the API manually with PM2 by typing

I like to use https://paw.cloud/ software to test API’s over say Postman, I can easily see the test placeholder API is working.Node API

The browser works for now but as soon as I add authentication the browser will fail, Paw FTW.

API Test

A simple way to authenticate the API is for the caller to pass a known token when requesting the page via an HTTP POST packet.

app.post('/api/appname/v1/feed/twitter/',function(req,res){
	var data = { "Status":"" };
	var wwxapi = req.headers['x-access-token'];
	var data = { "Feed":"" };
	var errData = "";
	if (wwxapi == undefined) {
		console.log(" 499 token required");
		errData = {"Status": "499", "Error": "valid token required"};
		res.statusCode = 499;
		res.send(errData);
		res.end();
	} else {
		var xpikeypass = false;
		// Check the API Key against known API Keys
		if (wwxapi == "appname-##############################") { xpikeypass = true;} // Debug API Key
		if (xpikeypass == true) {
			//  app request validated

			data["Feed"] = "Twitter Feed API Working v0.2";
			res.json(data);

		} else {
			console.log("499 token required");
			errData = {"Status": "499", "Error": "valid token required"};
			res.statusCode = 409;
			res.send(errData);	
			res.end();
		}
	}
});

Don’t forget to restart the API after changes

Now we can change the API endpoint to a POST (instead of GET) and paste the code above and test it.  If we pass an invalid “x-access-token” value the API will return error 409 as designed.

API Auth

Passing the right “x-access-token” will return data (200 OK).

API Working

Now we can link the Twitter command line utility with the NodeJS API.

Now we can test the NodeJS API and have is spawn a subprocess and hit Twitter. In this case, we are finding the latest posts on Twitter with NodeJS in them.

Works a treat 🙂

Up next 

  • Schedule getting data from the Twitter command line utility in crontab and save to Redis
  • Process the CSV and save new Twitter changes to Redis
  • Query Redis and send returned data back to the API.
  • Change the API to read from Redis in NodeJ.S
  • Secure.

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v1.2 Works

Setup Ruby, Rails, Gem and a command line twitter tool to query Twitter on Ubuntu 16.04 via a Twitter App

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Below is how I setup Ruby, Rails, Gem and a command line twitter tool to query Twitter on Ubuntu 16.04 via a Twitter App

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Setup Twitter feed scraping on Ubuntu 16.04

At first, I had no network (I could not ping, run a system update or install packages (even though I had opened the firewall ports and disabled the firewall temporarily)? I fixed this by editing /etc/resolv.conf and added a google DNS entry.

Added the Google DNS server.

Bingo, I can now ping and update my system.

Setup Ruby and Pre-Requisites

If ruby 2.4.1 fails o install try and install the older ruby 2.2.1

Error

Optional Troubleshooting: Install Ruby 2.2.1 (if 2.4.1 fails to install)

Optional Troubleshooting: Ruby 2.2.1 is no longer recommended

Or

Optional Install: Ruby 2.4.0

Hopefully, Ruby is now installed

Install Bundler Gem

Install Rails

I skipped the Install (as I had node installed).

Continue with rails install

Rails is installed

Install the t gem (read more at the https://github.com/sferik/t GitHub repository)

You can now authorize the t gem to use your twitter.

But first let’s create a twitter app.

Goto https://apps.twitter.com/, login and create an app.

Twitter App

Twitter will provide app details when you create the app.

Created Twitter App

Go to Permissions and set “Read, Write and Access direct messages” and save changes.

Twitter App Permissions

Linking the Twitter app to t Gem

Now that the Twitter app is created let’s activate and link it to the t gem,

Run the following command to start the authorization process.

The authorization process is dead simple, just follow the on-screen prompts.

This was easy.

fyi: Authorization (Twitter authorize app screenshot)

Authorize Twitter

fyi: Authorization (Twitter authorize app pin screenshot)

Auhorize Pin

Using T

T Help

Show linked twitter accounts with t

Show authorized twitter accounts

t set active yourtwitterappnamehere ########################
Active account has been updated to yourtwitterappnamehere.

Using t to query a Twitter user

Search Twitter for “fearby”

Output:

Search Twitter for “fearby” (max 10) and output at CSV

See more commands here: https://github.com/sferik/t

This is great, I can interact with Twitter from the command line and apps without having to go full REST API and OAUTH development.

Calling T from NodeJS

Read the guide here on calling T from NodeJS.

Calling T from php (Under construction)

Coming soon (this PHP section is under development)

You may need to exclude “pcntl_exec” from being blocked in “php.ini” under “disable_functions”

find your php.ini by typing

Restart php

sudo service php7.0-fpm restart
php7.0-fpm stop/waiting
php7.0-fpm start/running, process #####
[email protected]:/www# service php7.0-fpm status
php7.0-fpm start/running, process #####

This section is under development,

Todo: Security.

Need a server?

Set up a Server on Vultr here for as low as $2.5 a month or set up a Server on Digital Ocean (and get the first 2 months free ($5/m server)). I have a guide on setting up a Vultr server here or Digital Ocean server here.  Don’t forget to add a free LetsEncrypt SSL Certificate and secure the server (read more here and here).

Still here, read more articles here or use the form below to ask a question or recommend an article.

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Version History

v1.3.2 added Ruby 2.2.0 install info (29th Sep 2017)

v1.3.1 added Ruby 2.2.1 install info (27th Sep 2017)

v1.3 Querying T in NodeJS

 

Securing Ubuntu in the cloud

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It is easy to deploy servers to the cloud within a few minutes, you can have a cloud-based server that you (or others can use). ubuntu has a great guide on setting up basic security issues but what do you need to do.

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If you do not secure your server expect it to be hacked into. Below are tips on securing your cloud server.

First, read more on scanning your server with Lynis security scan.

Always use up to date software

Always use update software, malicious users can detect what software you use with sites like shodan.io (or use port scan tools) and then look for weaknesses from well-published lists (e.g WordPress, Windows, MySQL, node, LifeRay, Oracle etc). People can even use Google to search for login pages or sites with passwords in HTML (yes that simple).  Once a system is identified by a malicious user they can send automated bots to break into your site (trying millions of passwords a day) or use tools to bypass existing defences (Security researcher Troy Hunt found out it’s child’s play).

Portscan sites like https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx?action=scan are good for knowing what you have exposed.

You can also use local programs like nmap to view open ports

Instal nmap

Find open ports

Limit ssh connections

Read more here.

Use ufw to set limits on login attempts

Only allow known IP’s access to your valuable ports

sudo ufw allow from 123.123.123.123/32 to any port 22

Delete unwanted firewall rules

Only allow known IP’s to certain ports

Also, set outgoing traffic to known active servers and ports

Don’t use weak/common Diffie-Hellman key for SSL certificates, more information here.

More info on generating SSL certs here and setting here and setting up Public Key Pinning here.

Intrusion Prevention Software

Do run fail2ban: Guide here https://www.linode.com/docs/security/using-fail2ban-for-security

I use iThemes Security to secure my WordPress and block repeat failed logins from certain IP addresses.

iThemes Security can even lock down your WordPress.

You can set iThemes to auto lock out users on x failed logins

Remember to use allowed whitelists though (it is so easy to lock yourself out of servers).

Passwords

Do have strong passwords and change the root password provided by the hosts. https://howsecureismypassword.net/ is a good site to see how strong your password is from brute force password attempts. https://www.grc.com/passwords.htm is a good site to obtain a strong password.  Do follow Troy Hunt’s blog and twitter account to keep up to date with security issues.

Configure a Firewall Basics

You should install a firewall on your Ubuntu and configure it and also configure a firewall with your hosts (e.g AWS, Vultr, Digital Ocean).

Configure a Firewall on AWS

My AWS server setup guide here. AWS allow you to configure the firewall here in the Amazon Console.

TypeProtocolPort RangeSourceComment
HTTPTCP800.0.0.0/0Opens a web server port for later
All ICMPALLN/A0.0.0.0/0Allows you to ping
All trafficALLAll0.0.0.0/0Not advisable long term but OK for testing today.
SSHTCP220.0.0.0/0Not advisable, try and limit this to known IP’s only.
HTTPSTCP4430.0.0.0/0Opens a secure web server port for later

Configure a Firewall on Digital Ocean

Configuring a firewall on Digital Ocean (create a $5/m server here).  You can configure your Digital Ocean droplet firewall by clicking Droplet, Networking then Manage Firewall after logging into Digital Ocean.

Configure a Firewall on Vultr

Configuring a firewall on Vultr (create a $2.5/m server here).

Don’t forget to set IP rules for IPV4 and IPV6, Only set the post you need to allow and ensure applications have strong passwords.

Ubuntu has a firewall built in (documentation).

Enable the firewall

Adding common ports

sudo ufw allow ssh/tcp
sudo ufw logging on
sudo ufw allow 22
sudo ufw allow 80
sudo ufw allow 53
sudo ufw allow 443
sudo ufw allow 873
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status
sudo ufw allow http
sudo ufw allow https

Add a whitelist for your IP (use http://icanhazip.com/ to get your IP) to ensure you won’t get kicked out of your server.

sudo ufw allow from 123.123.123.123/24 to any port 22

More help here.  Here is a  good guide on ufw commands. Info on port numbers here.

If you don’t have a  Digital Ocean server for $5 a month click here and if a $2.5 a month Vultr server here.

Backups

rsync is a good way to copy files to another server or use Bacula

Basics

Initial server setup guide (Digital Ocean).

Sudo (admin user)

Read this guide on the Linux sudo command (the equivalent if run as administrator on Windows).

Users

List users on an Ubuntu OS (or compgen -u)

Common output

Add User

e.g

Add user to a group

Show users in a group

This will show users in a group

Remove a user

Rename user

Change user password

Groups

Show all groups

compgen -ug

Common output

compgen -g
root
daemon
bin
sys
adm
tty
disk
lp
mail
proxy
sudo
www-data
backup
irc
etc

You can create your own groups but first, you must be aware of group ids

cat /etc/group

Then you can see your systems groups and ids.

Create a group

Permissions

Read this https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions

How to list users on Ubuntu.

Read more on setting permissions here.

Chmod help can be found here.

Install Fail2Ban

I used this guide on installing Fail2Ban.

Check Fail2Ban often and add blocks to the firewall of known bad IPs

Best practices

Ubuntu has a guide on basic security setup here.

Startup Processes

It is a good idea to review startup processes from time to time.

Accounts

  • Read up on the concept of least privilege access for apps and services here.
  • Read up on chmod permissions.

Updates

Do update your operating system often.

Minimal software

Only install what software you need

Exploits and Keeping up to date

Do keep up to date with exploits and vulnerabilities

Secure your applications

  • NodeJS: Enable logging in applications you install or develop.

Ban repeat Login attempts with FailBan

Fail2Ban config

Hosts File Hardening

Add

Add a whitelist with your ip on /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf (see this)

Restart the service

sudo service fail2ban restart
sudo service fail2ban status

Intrusion detection (logging) systems

Tripwire will not block or prevent intrusions but it will log and give you a heads up with risks and things of concern

Install Tripwire.

Running Tripwire

This will scan your system for issues of note

My Output.

sudo nano /var/log/tiger/security.report.username.170809-18:42

Security scripts *** 3.2.3, 2008.09.10.09.30 ***
Wed Aug  9 18:42:24 AEST 2017
20:42> Beginning security report for username (x86_64 Linux 4.4.0-89-generic).

# Performing check of passwd files...
# Checking entries from /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [pass014w] Login (bob) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
--WARN-- [pass014w] Login (root) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
--WARN-- [pass015w] Login ID sync does not have a valid shell (/bin/sync).
--WARN-- [pass012w] Home directory /nonexistent exists multiple times (3) in
         /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [pass012w] Home directory /run/systemd exists multiple times (2) in
         /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [pass006w] Integrity of password files questionable (/usr/sbin/pwck
         -r).

# Performing check of group files...

# Performing check of user accounts...
# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd.
--WARN-- [acc021w] Login ID dnsmasq appears to be a dormant account.
--WARN-- [acc022w] Login ID nobody home directory (/nonexistent) is not
         accessible.

# Performing check of /etc/hosts.equiv and .rhosts files...

# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd...

# Performing check of .netrc files...

# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd...

# Performing common access checks for root (in /etc/default/login, /securetty, and /etc/ttytab...
--WARN-- [root001w] Remote root login allowed in /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Performing check of PATH components...
--WARN-- [path009w] /etc/profile does not export an initial setting for PATH.
# Only checking user 'root'

# Performing check of anonymous FTP...

# Performing checks of mail aliases...
# Checking aliases from /etc/aliases.

# Performing check of `cron' entries...
--WARN-- [cron005w] Use of cron is not restricted

# Performing check of 'services' ...
# Checking services from /etc/services.
--WARN-- [inet003w] The port for service ssmtp is also assigned to service
         urd.
--WARN-- [inet003w] The port for service pipe-server is also assigned to
         service search.

# Performing NFS exports check...

# Performing check of system file permissions...
--ALERT-- [perm023a] /bin/su is setuid to `root'.
--ALERT-- [perm023a] /usr/bin/at is setuid to `daemon'.
--ALERT-- [perm024a] /usr/bin/at is setgid to `daemon'.
--WARN-- [perm001w] The owner of /usr/bin/at should be root (owned by daemon).
--WARN-- [perm002w] The group owner of /usr/bin/at should be root.
--ALERT-- [perm023a] /usr/bin/passwd is setuid to `root'.
--ALERT-- [perm024a] /usr/bin/wall is setgid to `tty'.

# Checking for known intrusion signs...
# Testing for promiscuous interfaces with /bin/ip
# Testing for backdoors in inetd.conf

# Performing check of files in system mail spool...

# Performing check for rookits...
# Running chkrootkit (/usr/sbin/chkrootkit) to perform further checks...
--WARN-- [rootkit004w] Chkrootkit has detected a possible rootkit installation
Possible Linux/Ebury - Operation Windigo installetd

# Performing system specific checks...
# Performing checks for Linux/4...

# Checking boot loader file permissions...
--WARN-- [boot02] The configuration file /boot/grub/menu.lst has group
         permissions. Should be 0600
--FAIL-- [boot02] The configuration file /boot/grub/menu.lst has world
         permissions. Should be 0600
--WARN-- [boot06] The Grub bootloader does not have a password configured.

# Checking for vulnerabilities in inittab configuration...

# Checking for correct umask settings for init scripts...
--WARN-- [misc021w] There are no umask entries in /etc/init.d/rcS

# Checking Logins not used on the system ...

# Checking network configuration
--FAIL-- [lin013f] The system is not protected against Syn flooding attacks
--WARN-- [lin017w] The system is not configured to log suspicious (martian)
         packets

# Verifying system specific password checks...

# Checking OS release...
--WARN-- [osv004w] Unreleased Debian GNU/Linux version `stretch/sid'

# Checking installed packages vs Debian Security Advisories...

# Checking md5sums of installed files

# Checking installed files against packages...
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.dep' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.alias.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.devname' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.softdep' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.alias' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.symbols.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.builtin.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.symbols' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-87-generic/modules.dep.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.dep' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.alias.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.devname' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.softdep' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.alias' does not
         belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.symbols.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.builtin.bin'
         does not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.symbols' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/modules/4.4.0-89-generic/modules.dep.bin' does
         not belong to any package.
--WARN-- [lin001w] File `/lib/udev/hwdb.bin' does not belong to any package.

# Performing check of root directory...

# Checking device permissions...
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/block resides in a device directory.
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/char resides in a device directory.
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/cpu resides in a device directory.
--FAIL-- [dev002f] /dev/fuse has world permissions
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/hugepages resides in a device directory.
--FAIL-- [dev002f] /dev/kmsg has world permissions
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/lightnvm resides in a device directory.
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/mqueue resides in a device directory.
--FAIL-- [dev002f] /dev/rfkill has world permissions
--WARN-- [dev003w] The directory /dev/vfio resides in a device directory.

# Checking for existence of log files...
--FAIL-- [logf005f] Log file /var/log/btmp permission should be 660
--FAIL-- [logf007f] Log file /var/log/messages does not exist

# Checking for correct umask settings for user login shells...
--WARN-- [misc021w] There is no umask definition for the dash shell
--WARN-- [misc021w] There is no umask definition for the bash shell

# Checking symbolic links...

# Performing check of embedded pathnames...
20:47> Security report completed for username.

More on Tripwire here.

Hardening PHP

Hardening PHP config (and backing the PHP config it up), first create an info.php file in your website root folder with this info

Now look for what PHP file is loadingPHP Config

Back that your PHP config file

TIP: Delete the file with phpinfo() in it as it is a security risk to leave it there.

TIP: Read the OWASP cheat sheet on using PHP securely here and securing php.ini here.

Some common security changes

Don’t forget to review logs, more config changes here.

Antivirus

Yes, it is a good idea to run antivirus in Ubuntu, here is a good list of antivirus software

I am installing ClamAV as it can be installed on the command line and is open source.

ClamAV help here.

Scan a folder

Setup auto update antivirus definitions

I set auto updates 24 times a day (every hour) via daemon updates.

tip: Download manual antivirus update definitions. If you only have a 512MB server your update may fail and you may want to stop fresh claim/php/nginx and mysql before you update to ensure the antivirus definitions update. You can move this to a con job and set this to update at set times over daemon to ensure updates happen.

Manual scan with a bash script

Create a bash script

Bash script contents to update antivirus definitions.

Edit the crontab to run the script every hour

Uninstalling Clam AV

You may need to uninstall Clamav if you don’t have a lot of memory or find updates are too big.

Setup Unattended Ubuntu Security updates

At login, you should receive

Other

  • Read this awesome guide.
  • install Fail2Ban
  • Do check your log files if you suspect suspicious activity.

Check out the extensive Hardening a Linux Server guide at thecloud.org.uk: https://thecloud.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=Hardening_a_Linux_Server

 

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v1.92 added hardening a linux server link