Code, InfoSec and Server Stuff

Views are my own and not my employer's

Personal Development Blog...

Coding for fun since 1996, Learn by doing and sharing.

Buy a domain name, then create your own server (get $25 free credit)

"If you're not still learning, you're already dying."
- Ryan Holiday - Ego is the Enemy

Follow me on Twitter: @FearbySoftware

View All Posts.

Disk

Upgrading an Ubuntu server on UpCloud to add more CPU, Memory and Disk Space

by

Before UpCloud, when I had 512MB ram on Vultr I had multiple NGINX crashed a day so I used a bash script and scheduled a cron job to clear memory cache when memory fell below 100MB (view the script here).  To further increase the speed of the WordPress I have configured the OS to use memory over the disk.  About once a day free memory falls below 100MB (this is not a problem as my script clears cached items automatically).

Read the full article here: https://fearby.com/article/upgrading-an-ubuntu-server-on-upcloud-to-add-more-cpu-memory-and-disk-space/

Upgrading an Ubuntu server on UpCloud to add more CPU, Memory and Disk Space

by

Upgrading an Ubuntu server on UpCloud to add more CPU, Memory and Disk Space

Advertisement:



If you have not read my previous posts I have now moved my blog from Vultr to the awesome UpCloud host (signup using this link to get $25 free credit).

Recently I compared Digital Ocean, Vultr and UpCloud Disk IO here and UpCloud came out on top by a long way (read the blog post here). Here is my blog post on moving from Vultr to UpCloud.

Spoiler: UpCloud performance is great.

Upcloud Site Speed in GTMetrix

Why Upgrade

I have 1 CPU, 1 GB memory and 50GB storage and it is running well?  I have PHP child workers set up and have set up the preferred use of memory over swap file usage.

View of htop querying processes on Ubuntu

Before UpCloud, when I had 512MB ram on Vultr I had multiple NGINX crashed a day so I used a bash script and scheduled a cron job to clear memory cache when memory fell below 100MB (view the script here).  To further increase the speed of the WordPress I have configured the OS to use memory over the disk.  About once a day free memory falls below 100MB (this is not a problem as my script clears cached items automatically).

Graph of memory falling below 100MB every day

I’d like to add more memory as I am working on some things (watch this space) and I will use the extra memory. I’d prefer the server is set up now for the expected workload.

How to Upgrade

This is how I upgraded from 1xCPU/2GB Memory/50GB Storage/2TB Transferred Data to a 2 CPU/4GB Mmeory/80GB Storage/4TB Transferred Data server.

UpCloud Pricing: https://www.upcloud.com/pricing/

Pricing table form https://www.upcloud.com/pricing/

Upgrade an UpCloud VM

I shut down my existing VM. Read this guide to setup a VM.

Login to the UpCloud dashboard, select your server (confirm the server has shut down) and click General Settings, choose the upgrade and click Update.

Upgrade the Server, shut it down the server and choose upgrade

I confirmed the upgrade options (2x CPU, 4096 MB Memory).

Confirm Upgrade Options

Click Update

Upgrade Applied

After 10 seconds you can start your server from the UpCloud server.

I confirmed the CPU upgrade was visible in the VM

Software Tweaks Post Upgrade.

I added these settings to the top of /etc/nginx/nginx.conf to ensure the extra CPU was used.

I increased PHP FPM ( /etc/php/7.2/fpm/php.ini ) to increase the memory usage and child workers. I doubled child workers and max memeory limit.

I restarted NGINX and PHP

I tweaked WordPress max memory limits

MySQL Tweaks: I logged into MySQL

I ran “SHOW GLOBAL STATUS” to view stats

Read more on SHOW GLOBAL STATUS here. Read more on the values here.

I can see NO major errors here (possibly due to UpClouds awesome disk IO) so I won’t be making memory tweaks in MySQL. Sign Up using this link and get $25 credit free on UpCloud and see for yourself how fast they are.

Configure Ubuntu System Memory Usage

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf

Add the following to allow things to sit in ram longer

Snip from: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt

Read these pages here and here regarding setting MySQL memory.

Reboot

Resize the disk

The 2x CPU, 4GB memory plan comes with 80GB storage allowance.  My disk at present is 50GB and I will update the size soon following this guide soon.

Upgrade disk from 50gb to 80GB soon

Quick Benchmark

I used loader.io to load 500 users to access my site in 1 minute.

HTOP showing 2x busy CPU's running at 60%

The benchmark worked with no errors.

Loader.io Success with 500 concurrent users

This benchmark was performed with no Cloudflare caching. I should get Cloudflare caching working again to lower the average response time. I loaded my website manually in Google Chrome while loader.io threw 500 users at my site and it loaded very fast.

Conclusion

After a few days, I checked my memory logs and there were no low memory triggers (just normal internal memory management triggers). Ubuntu was happier.

No Low memory low triggers

This graph was taken before I set “vm.vfs_cache_pressure” so I will update this graph in a few days.

I hope this guide helps someone.

Please consider using my referral code and get $25 credit for free.

https://www.upcloud.com/register/?promo=D84793

Ask a question or recommend an article

Your Name (required)

Your Email (required)

Your Question

Revision History

1.0 Initial Post

Measuring VM performance (CPU, Disk, Latency, Concurrent Users etc) on Ubuntu and comparing Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud – Part 4 of 4

by

How can you measure VM performance (CPU, Disk, Latency, Concurrent Users etc) on Ubuntu and comparing Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud – Part 4 of 4

Advertisement:



Read Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 or Part 4

I ran the MySQL benchmark preparation command again (no problem this time).

Test table and records created

Test Records Created

Now I can benchmark MySQL on my main server.

RAW Output

Results

queries performed (in 60 seconds):

  • read: 336210
  • other: 48030
  • total: 384240

I decided to add an index to see if I can speed this query up (read the MySQL index page here). I added an index (in Adminer) on the columns “Id” and “pad” for the sbtest table in the test database

I restarted the MySQL process

I ran the same benchmark again.

Raw Output

Results

The quick index added 20% extra throughput on queries 🙂

Mysql before and after an index

Don’t forget to delete your test database

Viewing MySQL Index Usage (on the “test” database)

Query to show Index stats for a table ‘test’

I can see the MySQL PRIMARY index is getting used 🙂

Index Summary

Read more in viewable query stats (columns) here.

Other System Information Tools

Show processor information

Output

Memory Information

You can assign 512MB, 1GB, 2GB or more memory to a server on Vultr, Read my guide here on upgrading resources for Vultr VM’s here.

Only upgrade your server’s memory when server processes demand it, there is no need to pay for extra idle memory. Read my older guides on upgrading Digital Ocean and AWS servers.

I use the htop utility to monitor memory and processes. The memory usage will depend on how you have configured your server to use connection pools in code, MySQL or services.  Also what memory demands do you get in pean bandwidth times?

HTOP

You can check your server memory details on Ubuntu with this command

Output

Use Memory or Disk (Swap)

You can configure the use of Memory over Disk by configuring your/etc/sysctl.conf file (setting value “vm.swappiness”)

You can check your swap file settings by running the following command

Or By running

Set a new swap file value by editing /etc/sysctl.conf

Set the following to use more ram over the swap disk.

Read about swappiness values here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swappiness

Service Performance

Performance (and allocated resources) depends on the demands of your operating system and installed software

What operating system do you have?

View NGINX Status, how much memory does it use?

PHP (and Child Worker) status how much memory does it use and how many child workers do you have? Read my add PHP child workers post here (and update to PHP 7.2 here)

MySQL Status

Shared VM Hosts

One of the biggest impacts (after server latency) for your server is not the disk performance but the number of hosts/websites on the server who are also using the disk and server resources.

Reverse IP Lookup

I have 80 other web servers on my server (based on a reverse lookup).

I may move to a dedicated box when I can afford it.

Security

Above all else ensure that security is number 1 priority and make performance second priority.

Scan your site with Zap, Qualys and Kali Linux. Performance means nothing if you are hacked.

website-report

Simulated concurrent users

You can use Siege to test the maximum concurrent users accessing your site before the server starts to drop connections.

FYI: If you use Cloudflare (you should) this may not work as it will block connections.

Install Siege

Test  your server with 10 concurrent serves for 1 minute

Results

Keep upping the connections (from 10 above) to a limit where connections start dropping.

I tried 25 then 50 concurrent users hitting a server on Digital Ocean and it did not fail.

Conclusion

  • Choose a server near your customers
  • Change hosts if one is faster and cheaper
  • Measure or benchmark your server (and compare over time).
  • Use Cloudflare

Create your own server today

  • Create your own server on Vultr here.
  • Create your own server on Digital Ocean here.
  • Create your own server on UpCloud here.

And remember you can install the Runcloud server management dashboard here.

I hope this guide helps someone.

 

< Previous

Read Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 or Part 4

Measuring VM performance (CPU, Disk, Latency, Concurrent Users etc) on Ubuntu and comparing Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud – Part 3 of 4

by

How can you measure VM performance (CPU, Disk, Latency, Concurrent Users etc) on Ubuntu and comparing Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud – Part 3 of 4

Advertisement:



Read Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 or Part 4

I used these commands to generate bonnie++ reports from the data in part 2

Image of results here

Bonnie Results

Network Performace

IMHO Network Latency is the biggest impact on server performance, Read my old post on scalability on a budget here. I am in Australia an having a server in Singapore was too far away and latency was terrible.

Here is a non-scientific example of pinging a Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud server in three different locations (and Google).

Ping Test

Test Ping Results

Latency matters, run a https://www.webpagetest.org/ scan over your site to see why.

Adding https added almost 0.7 seconds to https communications in the past on Digital Ocean (a few thousand kilometres away). The longer the latency the longer HTTPS handshakes take.

SSL

Deploying a server to Singapore (in my experience) is bad if your visitors are in Australia. But deploying to other regions may be lower in cost though. It’s a trade off.

Server Location

Deploy servers as close as you can to your customers is the best tip for performance.

Deploy serves close to your customers

Also, consider setting up Image Optimization and Image CDN plugins (guide here) in WordPress and using Cloudflare (guide here)

Benchmarking with SysBench

Install CPU Benchmark

CPU Benchmark (Vultr/Sydney)

Result

39.15 seconds

CPU Benchmark (Digital Ocean/London)

Result

33.43 sec

CPU Benchmark (UpCloud/Singapore)

Result

23.77 sec

Surprisingly, 1st place in prime generation goes to UpCloud, then Digital Ocean then Vultr.  UpCloud has some good processors.

Processors:

  • UpCLoud (Singapore): Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2687W v4 @ 3.00GHz
  • Digital Ocean (London): Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2630L v2 @ 2.40GHz
  • Vultr (Sydney): Virtual CPU a7769a6388d5 (Masked/Hidden CPU @ 2.40GHz)

(Lower is better)

prime benchmark results

(oops, typo in the chart should say Vultr)

Benchmark the file IO

Confirm free space

Install Sysbench

I had 10GB free on all servers (Vultr, Digitial Ocean and UpCloud) so I created a 10GB test file.

Now I can run the benchmark and use the pre-created text file.

SysBench description from the Ubuntu manpage.

“SysBench is a modular, cross-platform and multi-threaded benchmark tool for evaluating OS parameters that are important for a system running a database under intensive load. The idea of this benchmark suite is to quickly get an impression about system performance without setting up complex database benchmarks or even without installing a database at all.”

SysBench Results (Vultr/Sydney)

SysBench Results (Digital Ocean/London)

SysBench Results (UpCloud/Singapore)

Comparison

Sysbench Results table

sysbench fileio results (text)

Read

  • Vultr (Sydney): 385,920
  • Digital Ocean (London): 944,280
  • UpCloud (Singapore): 944,320

Write

  • Vultr (Sydney): 823,266
  • Digital Ocean (London): 629,520
  • UpCloud (Singapore): 662,880

Other

  • Vultr (Sydney): 1,466,466
  • Digital Ocean (London): 3,588,232
  • UpCloud (Singapore): 2,121,090

Total Read Gb

  • Vultr (Sydney): 5.8887 Gb
  • Digital Ocean (London): 14.409 Gb
  • UpCloud (Singapore): 15.172 Gb

Total Written Gb

  • Vultr (Sydney): 3.9258 Gb
  • Digital Ocean (London): 9.6057 Gb
  • UpCloud (Singapore): 10.115 Gb

Total Transferred Gb

  • Vultr (Sydney): 9.8145 Gb
  • Digital Ocean (London): 24.014 Gb
  • UpCloud (Singapore): 25.287 Gb

Now I can remove test file io benchmark file

Confirm the test file has been deleted

Bonus: Benchmark MySQL (on my main server (Vultr) not on Digital Ocean and UpCLoud)

I tried to run a command

To fix the error I created a test table with Adminer (guide here).

Create Test Table

< Previous – Next >

Read Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 or Part 4

Measuring VM performance (CPU, Disk, Latency, Concurrent Users etc) on Ubuntu and comparing Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud – Part 2 of 4

by

How can you measure VM performance (CPU, Disk, Latency, Concurrent Users etc) on Ubuntu and comparing Vultr, Digital Ocean and UpCloud – Part 2 of 4

Advertisement:



Read Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 or Part 4

Measure Disk Performance with Bonnie++

Installing Bonnie++ on Ubuntu

Read this. post on using Bonnie++

Benchmark disk IO with DD and Bonnie++

Starting Bonnie++

Bonnie++ Readme.

Disk io with bonnie++ on Vultr/Sydney

Disk io with bonnie++ on Digital Ocean/London

Disk io with bonnie++ on UpCloud/Singapore

Now read this site on how to make sense of this data

 

< Previous – Next >

Read Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 or Part 4